Selecting towable trailer mounted restrooms for mobile crews

Selecting towable trailer mounted restrooms for mobile crews

Portable Restroom Unit Types and Configurations

Lets face it, when youre building bridges, stringing power lines, or filming the next blockbuster out in the middle of nowhere, creature comforts arent exactly top of mind. But trust me, keeping your mobile crew happy and productive starts with the basics. And a surprisingly crucial basic? Portable restroom rentals often come with wash stations porta potty rental services Port Charlotte. The restroom. Were not just talking about a place to "go," were talking about respecting your teams dignity and well-being. Understanding their specific mobile crew restroom needs is the foundation for choosing the right towable trailer mounted restrooms.


Think about it: what does a typical day look like for your crew? Are they scaling heights, working in extreme temperatures, or dealing with heavy machinery? The answers to these questions directly impact restroom selection. Consider the frequency of use – a larger crew working long shifts will obviously need a higher capacity. Think about the climate. Are you battling sweltering heat? Ventilation and potentially even air conditioning become necessities. Facing freezing temperatures? Heated options will boost morale significantly.


Beyond the basics, consider the specific needs of your diverse workforce. Are there female team members who require dedicated facilities? Accessibility is also paramount. Ensuring ADA compliance is not just a legal obligation, it's the right thing to do. A wheelchair-accessible restroom demonstrates your commitment to inclusivity and accessibility for everyone.


Finally, dont underestimate the importance of maintenance and ease of use. A restroom thats constantly out of service or difficult to clean becomes a headache for everyone. Look for durable, easy-to-sanitize materials, and consider features like self-contained waste systems to minimize maintenance requirements.


In short, selecting towable trailer mounted restrooms is more than just picking a unit from a catalog. Its about understanding the unique demands of your mobile crew, anticipating their needs, and investing in a solution that supports their health, safety, and ultimately, their productivity. A little thought and planning in this area can go a long way in fostering a positive and respectful work environment, no matter how remote the job site.

Types of Towable Trailer Restrooms Available



When it comes to selecting towable trailer mounted restrooms for mobile crews, understanding the different types available is crucial. These specialized units offer a convenient and hygienic solution for workers in remote locations, construction sites, events, and other areas where permanent restroom facilities are not available. Here's a breakdown of the main types of towable trailer restrooms you can choose from:

1. **Standard Portable Restrooms**: These are the most common type of towable trailer restrooms. They are compact, easy to transport, and typically include basic amenities such as a toilet, hand sanitizer, and sometimes a small sink. They are ideal for short-term use and smaller crews.

2. **Luxury Portable Restrooms**: For those who require a bit more comfort, luxury portable restrooms offer enhanced features. These trailers may include air conditioning, heating, multiple compartments (separate for men and women), and even amenities like mirrors and better lighting. They are perfect for events or longer-term projects where crew comfort is a priority.

3. **ADA-Compliant Restrooms**: These trailers are designed to meet the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) standards, ensuring accessibility for all users. Features often include wider doors, grab bars, and ADA-compliant toilets. They are essential for any site that needs to accommodate individuals with disabilities.

4. **Composting Toilet Trailers**: Environmentally conscious crews might opt for trailers equipped with composting toilets. These systems are designed to minimize waste and reduce the need for frequent emptying. They are a great eco-friendly option for sustainable projects.

5. **Shower and Dressing Trailers**: For crews that need more than just a toilet, there are trailers that include shower facilities and dressing rooms. These are particularly useful in industries like film production, where workers may need to clean up on-site, or in sports events where athletes require post-game showers.

6. **Multi-Unit Restrooms**: These trailers house multiple toilet units within a single trailer, making them ideal for larger crews or high-traffic events. They can significantly reduce wait times and ensure that more people have access to facilities simultaneously.

7. **Customizable Trailers**: Some providers offer customizable trailers, allowing you to choose specific features and configurations based on your crew's needs. This might include additional storage, specialized fixtures, or unique design elements.

When selecting a towable trailer restroom, consider the specific needs of your crew, the duration of the project, and the environment in which the restroom will be used. By choosing the right type of trailer, you can ensure that your mobile crew remains comfortable, healthy, and productive.

Key Features to Consider in a Towable Restroom



When selecting towable trailer-mounted restrooms for mobile crews, it's essential to consider several key features to ensure they meet the needs of your team and comply with relevant regulations. First and foremost, durability is crucial. These restrooms will be exposed to various weather conditions and rough terrains, so they should be built with high-quality materials that can withstand such environments. Look for trailers made from corrosion-resistant metals or robust plastics.

Another important feature is the size and capacity of the restroom. Depending on the number of crew members, you'll need to choose a model that offers enough space for comfortable use. Consider the number of stalls, handwashing stations, and storage areas. Additionally, ensure that the restroom complies with ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) requirements if necessary, providing accessibility for all users.

Water and waste management systems are also critical. Opt for models with efficient greywater and blackwater tanks that are easy to service. Some advanced units come with holding tanks that can be emptied at remote locations, reducing the need for frequent trips back to base. Moreover, look for restrooms with low-flow toilets and water-saving faucets to conserve resources.

Mobility and ease of setup are other essential factors. The trailer should have a reliable towing mechanism and be easy to maneuver. Quick-setup features, such as drop-down ramps and automated leveling systems, can save time and effort, allowing your crew to focus on their primary tasks.

Lastly, consider the aesthetic and branding options. Some providers offer customization services, allowing you to add your company logo or specific color schemes to the restroom. This not only promotes brand visibility but also ensures that the unit is easily identifiable on-site.

In summary, when selecting towable trailer-mounted restrooms for mobile crews, prioritize durability, size and capacity, efficient water and waste management, ease of mobility and setup, and customization options. These features will ensure that your team has a reliable, comfortable, and professional restroom solution wherever their work takes them.

Size and Capacity Requirements for Mobile Crews


When selecting towable trailer-mounted restrooms for mobile work crews, careful consideration of size and capacity requirements is essential for maintaining worker comfort and productivity. The number of workers and duration of their shifts directly influence these requirements.


A general rule of thumb is to provide at least one toilet facility for every 10 workers during a standard eight-hour shift. However, this ratio may need adjustment based on specific circumstances. For instance, if crews are working in remote locations or on extended shifts, you might want to increase the ratio to ensure adequate access and minimize wait times.


The physical size of the trailer unit must accommodate not only the toilet facilities but also handwashing stations and possibly changing areas. Standard trailer-mounted units typically range from small single-stall configurations to larger multi-stall options that can serve 15-20 workers comfortably. Consider also that larger units, while offering more capacity, require more substantial towing vehicles and may have limited maneuverability in tight work sites.


Storage tank capacity is another crucial factor. Fresh water tanks for flushing and handwashing should be sized to last at least one full work shift, while waste tanks should have enough capacity for 1.5 to 2 shifts to provide a safety margin. For a typical 10-person crew working an 8-hour shift, a minimum waste tank capacity of 100 gallons is recommended.


Remember to account for peak usage periods, such as lunch breaks or shift changes, when multiple workers may need to use the facilities simultaneously. By carefully matching the size and capacity of trailer-mounted restrooms to your crews specific needs, you can ensure a more efficient and comfortable work environment.

Towing and Placement Considerations



When it comes to selecting towable trailer-mounted restrooms for mobile crews, one of the critical aspects to consider is towing and placement. These factors not only influence the efficiency and practicality of the restroom units but also ensure safety and compliance with local regulations.

Firstly, towing considerations are paramount. The weight and size of the trailer-mounted restroom will dictate the type of vehicle needed for towing. It's essential to match the towing capacity of the vehicle with the weight of the restroom trailer to avoid overloading, which can lead to dangerous driving conditions and potential legal issues. Additionally, the maneuverability of the towing vehicle should be taken into account, especially if the restrooms need to be moved frequently or in tight spaces.

Placement considerations are equally important. The location where the restroom will be stationed must be accessible to the crew it serves. This means considering the terrain, available space, and proximity to the work area. For instance, if the crew is working in a remote or rugged area, the restroom must be placed on a stable and level surface to ensure safety and comfort. Moreover, accessibility for all users, including those with disabilities, should be a priority.

Environmental factors also play a role in placement. The restroom should be positioned to minimize its impact on the surrounding environment, particularly in sensitive areas. This might involve avoiding placement near water sources to prevent contamination or ensuring that the unit is securely anchored to prevent it from being blown away in strong winds.

Lastly, local regulations and guidelines must be adhered to when placing trailer-mounted restrooms. This includes obtaining any necessary permits, adhering to zoning laws, and ensuring compliance with health and safety standards. Failure to do so can result in fines or the requirement to remove the restroom, disrupting its intended use.

In conclusion, careful consideration of towing and placement is crucial when selecting towable trailer-mounted restrooms for mobile crews. By taking into account the towing vehicle's capacity, the accessibility and stability of the placement location, environmental impact, and local regulations, you can ensure that the restroom units serve their purpose effectively and safely.

Budgeting and Rental Costs for Towable Restrooms



When it comes to selecting towable trailer-mounted restrooms for mobile crews, one of the most critical considerations is budgeting and rental costs. These factors can significantly impact the overall financial planning for any project, whether it's a short-term event or a long-term construction site.

Firstly, understanding the initial budget is essential. This includes not only the rental cost of the towable restrooms but also any additional fees that might be associated. These can include delivery and setup charges, as well as potential fees for maintenance or cleaning during the rental period. It's important to get a clear, detailed quote from the rental company to avoid any surprises down the line.

Rental costs can vary widely depending on several factors. The type and size of the restroom unit, the duration of the rental, and the location where the units will be deployed all play a role in determining the final cost. High-end units with advanced features like running water, heating, and air conditioning will naturally cost more than basic models. Similarly, longer rental periods might offer discounted rates, whereas short-term rentals could be more expensive on a per-day basis.

Another aspect to consider is the frequency of use. If the restrooms are expected to be heavily used, it might be worthwhile to rent additional units to ensure there are enough facilities available. This can prevent long wait times and potential dissatisfaction among the crew.

Additionally, it's beneficial to inquire about any package deals or discounts that the rental company might offer. Some companies provide reduced rates for bulk rentals or long-term contracts, which can lead to significant savings over time.

Lastly, it's crucial to factor in the cost of compliance with local regulations. Depending on the location, there might be specific requirements regarding the number of restrooms needed, accessibility features, and waste disposal. Ensuring that the selected towable restrooms meet all these regulations can prevent fines and additional costs down the line.

In conclusion, budgeting and rental costs for towable trailer-mounted restrooms require careful consideration and planning. By thoroughly understanding all associated costs and exploring potential discounts, mobile crews can ensure they have the necessary facilities without breaking the bank.

Maintenance and Servicing of Trailer Mounted Units



When it comes to selecting towable trailer-mounted restrooms for mobile crews, one crucial aspect that often gets overlooked is the maintenance and servicing of these units. Proper maintenance not only ensures the longevity of the equipment but also guarantees a hygienic and functional environment for users.

Firstly, regular cleaning is paramount. Trailer-mounted restrooms should be cleaned after each use to prevent the buildup of dirt, bacteria, and odors. This includes thorough sanitization of all surfaces, flushing systems, and waste tanks. Using eco-friendly cleaning agents can help maintain the unit's integrity while ensuring a safe environment.

Secondly, routine inspections are essential. This involves checking for any signs of wear and tear, such as leaks, cracks, or malfunctioning parts. Electrical components, including lighting and ventilation systems, should be tested regularly to ensure they are working correctly. Any detected issues should be addressed promptly to avoid more significant problems down the line.

Thirdly, the waste management system requires special attention. The tanks should be emptied and cleaned according to the manufacturer's guidelines to prevent overflow and contamination. It's also important to ensure that the disposal of waste complies with local environmental regulations.

Furthermore, the structural integrity of the trailer itself should be assessed periodically. This includes checking the tires, brakes, and hitch systems to ensure they are in good working condition. Regular lubrication of moving parts and tightening of bolts can prevent mechanical failures during transport.

Lastly, keeping detailed maintenance records is beneficial. This not only helps in tracking the service history of the unit but also aids in identifying patterns or recurring issues that may need more attention.

In conclusion, the maintenance and servicing of trailer-mounted restrooms are critical for ensuring they remain functional, safe, and hygienic. By investing time and resources into proper upkeep, mobile crews can rely on these units to provide consistent and reliable service wherever they go.

 

A full roll of toilet paper.
Toilet paper and a toilet paper holder; the cardboard core of an empty roll is visible on the holder.

Toilet paper, (also referred to as toilet/bath/bathroom tissue or toilet roll) [1] is a tissue paper product primarily used to clean the anus and surrounding region of feces (after defecation), and to clean the external genitalia and perineal area of urine (after urination).[2]

It is commonly supplied as a long strip of perforated paper wrapped around a cylindrical paperboard core, for storage in a dispenser within arm's reach of a toilet. The bundle, or roll of toilet paper, is specifically known as a toilet roll,[3] loo roll,[4] or bog roll (in Britain).[5]

There are other uses for toilet paper, as it is a readily available household product. It can be used for blowing the nose or wiping the eyes (or other uses of facial tissue). It can be used to wipe off sweat or absorb it. Some people may use the paper to absorb the bloody discharge that comes out of the vagina during menstruation. Toilet paper can be used in cleaning (like a less abrasive paper towel). As a teenage prank, "toilet papering" is a form of temporary vandalism.

Most modern toilet paper in the developed world is designed to decompose in septic tanks, whereas some other bathroom and facial tissues are not. Wet toilet paper rapidly decomposes in the environment. Toilet paper comes in various numbers of plies (layers of thickness), from one- to six-ply, with more back-to-back plies providing greater strength and absorbency. Most modern domestic toilet paper is white, and embossed with a pattern, which increases the surface area of the paper, and thus, its effectiveness at removing waste. Some people have a preference for whether the orientation of the roll on a dispenser should be over or under.

The use of paper for hygiene has been recorded in China in the 6th century AD, with specifically manufactured toilet paper being mass-produced in the 14th century.[6] Modern commercial toilet paper originated in the 19th century, with a patent for roll-based dispensers being made in 1883.

History

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Although paper had been known as a wrapping and padding material in China since the 2nd century BC,[7] a reference to the use of toilet paper dates back as early as c. 589 when the scholar-official Yan Zhitui (531–591) wrote:

Paper on which there are quotations or commentaries from the Five Classics or the names of sages, I dare not use for toilet purposes.[6]

During the later Tang dynasty (618–907 AD), an Arab traveller to China in the year 851 AD remarked:

... they [the Chinese] do not wash themselves with water when they have done their necessities; but they only wipe themselves with paper.[6]

During the early 14th century, it was recorded that in what is now Zhejiang alone, ten million packages of 1,000 to 10,000 sheets of toilet paper were manufactured annually.[6] During the Ming dynasty (1368–1644 AD), it was recorded in 1393 that an annual supply of 720,000 sheets of toilet paper (approximately 2 by 3 ft (60 by 90 cm)) were produced for the general use of the imperial court at the capital of Nanjing.[6] From the records of the Imperial Bureau of Supplies of that same year, it was also recorded that for the Hongwu Emperor's imperial family alone, there were 15,000 sheets of special soft-fabric toilet paper made, and each sheet of toilet paper was perfumed.[6]

Elsewhere, wealthy people wiped themselves with wool, lace or hemp, while less wealthy people used their hand when defecating into rivers, or cleaned themselves with various materials such as rags, wood shavings, leaves, grass, hay, stones, pessoi, sand, moss, water, snow, ferns, plant husks, fruit skins, seashells, or corncobs, depending upon the country and weather conditions or social customs. In Ancient Rome, a sponge on a stick[8] was commonly used, and, after use, placed back in a pail of vinegar. Several talmudic sources indicating ancient Jewish practice refer to the use of small pebbles, often carried in a special bag, and also to the use of dry grass and of the smooth edges of broken pottery jugs (e.g., Shabbat 81a, 82a, Yevamot 59b). These are all cited in the classic Biblical and Talmudic Medicine by the German physician Julius Preuss (Eng. trans. Sanhedrin Press, 1978).

The 16th-century French satirical writer François Rabelais, in Chapter XIII of Book 1 of his novel sequence Gargantua and Pantagruel, has his character Gargantua investigate a great number of ways of cleansing oneself after defecating. Gargantua dismisses the use of paper as ineffective, rhyming that: "Who his foul tail with paper wipes, Shall at his ballocks leave some chips." (Sir Thomas Urquhart's 1653 English translation). He concludes that "the neck of a goose, that is well downed" provides an optimum cleansing medium.[9]

The rise of publishing by the eighteenth century led to the use of newspapers and cheap editions of popular books for cleansing. Lord Chesterfield, in a letter to his son in 1747, told of a man who purchased

a common edition of Horace, of which he tore off gradually a couple of pages, carried them with him to that necessary place, read them first, and then sent them down as a sacrifice to Cloacina; thus was so much time fairly gained...[10]

In many parts of the world, especially where toilet paper or the necessary plumbing for disposal may be unavailable or unaffordable, toilet paper is not used. Also, in many parts of the world people consider using water a much cleaner and more sanitary practice than using paper.[11] Cleansing is then performed with other methods or materials, such as water, for example using a bidet, a lota, rags, sand, leaves (including seaweed), corn cobs, animal furs, sticks or hands; afterwards, hands are washed with water and possibly soap.

As a commodity

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Joseph Gayetty is widely credited with being the inventor of modern commercially available toilet paper in the United States. Gayetty's paper, first introduced in 1857, was available as late as the 1920s. Gayetty's Medicated Paper was sold in packages of flat sheets, watermarked with the inventor's name. Original advertisements for the product used the tagline "The greatest necessity of the age! Gayetty's medicated paper for the water-closet".

Seth Wheeler of Albany, New York, obtained the earliest United States patents for toilet paper and dispensers, the types of which eventually were in common use in that country, in 1883.[12] Toilet paper dispensed from rolls was popularized when the Scott Paper Company began marketing it in 1890.[13]

The manufacturing of this product had a long period of refinement, considering that as late as the 1930s, a selling point of the Northern Tissue company was that their toilet paper was "splinter free".[14] The widespread adoption of the flush toilet increased the use of toilet paper, as heavier paper was more prone to clogging the trap that prevents sewer gases from escaping through the toilet.[15]

Softer, two ply toilet roll was introduced in Britain in 1942, by St Andrew Mills in Walthamstow; this became the famous Andrex.[16]

Moist toilet paper, called wet wipes, was first introduced in the United Kingdom by Andrex in the 1990s. It has been promoted as being a better method of cleaning than dry toilet paper after defecation, and may be useful for women during menstruation. It was promoted as a flushable product but it has been implicated in the creation of fatbergs; by 2016 some municipalities had begun education campaigns advising people not to flush used wet wipes.[17]

More than seven billion rolls of toilet paper are sold yearly in the United States where an average of 23.6 rolls per capita per year is used.[18]

External videos
video icon Documentarian Brian Gersten's short film about the 1973 shortage, The Great Toilet Paper Scare

In 1973, Johnny Carson joked in his Tonight Show monologue about comments made by Wisconsin congressman Harold V. Froehlich about the possibility of a toilet paper shortage. Subsequently, consumers purchased abnormal amounts, causing an actual shortage in the United States for several months.[19][20]

Toilet paper has been one of the commodities subject to shortages in Venezuela starting in the 2010s; the government seized one toilet paper factory in an effort to resolve the problem.[21]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, toilet paper shortages were reported in March 2020 in multiple countries due to hoarding and panic buying.[22][23][24][25][26] At first, few believed the pandemic would be serious. Later, people realized they might need to stock up on certain items in case of a shelter-in-place order, or in case they did not know how long such an order would last; suppliers could not assure that they could keep up with demand.[27][28] However, manufacturers continued to produce even more than they had before. Demand was higher for the types of toilet paper used at home.[29] In some countries the bidet was already seen as a solution, and a survey before the pandemic had indicated an increasing number of Americans would be interested.[30] Amid the panic buying during the pandemic, the Australian toilet paper brand Quilton donated a million of toilet paper rolls to vulnerable Australians who were struggling due to the shortages of toilet paper.[31]

Description

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Toilet paper is available in several types of paper, a variety of patterns, decorations, and textures, and it may be moistened or perfumed, although fragrances sometimes cause problems for users who are allergic to perfumes. The average measures of a modern roll of toilet paper is c. 10 cm (3 ⁠15/16⁠ in.) wide, and 12 cm (4

⁠23/32⁠ in.) in diameter, and weighs between 85 g (3.0 oz) and 196 g (6.9 oz).[32] An alternative method of packing the sheets uses interleaved sheets in boxes, or in bulk for use in dispensers. "Hard" single-ply paper has been used as well as soft multi-ply.

Sheet size

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The format of individual sheets of toilet paper, which is given by a perforation line, varies nationally. In Germany, Holland, France, Poland, Switzerland, for example, about postcard size is standard (about 100 × 140 mm), so about DIN format (DIN A6 105 × 148 mm). In England, the usual format is already somewhat wider, about 115 × 135 mm. The most extreme landscape format with 115 × 102 mm exists in Thailand. The most extreme portrait format (not counting toilet paper rolls without any perforation) is 100 × 366 mm; a promotional toilet paper from Schmidt Spiele in Germany.[33] Manufactured toilet paper sheet in the United States was sized 4.5 in (110 mm) × 4 in (100 mm).[34] Since 1999 the size of a sheet has been shrinking; Kimberly-Clark reduced the length of a sheet to 4.1 in (100 mm).[35] Scott, in 2006, reduced the length of their product to 3.7 in (94 mm). The width of sheets was later reduced giving a general sheet size of 3.7 in (94 mm) long and 4.1 in (100 mm) wide. Larger sizes remain available.

Sheet ply

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The ply of a toilet paper refers to the number of layers per sheet. Rolls are typically available in single-ply, 2-ply, 3-ply, and 4-ply.

Roll length

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Phrases like "single roll", "double roll", "triple roll", "jumbo roll", and "mega roll" commonly used in retail advertising[36] refer to the number of sheets per roll (though the actual number of sheets is also usually disclosed on packaging). A longer roll needs to be replaced less often, but the very largest sizes do not fit all toilet paper dispensers, especially in older homes.

Materials

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Toilet paper is usually manufactured from pulpwood trees, but is also sometimes made from sugar cane byproducts or bamboo.

Toilet paper products vary greatly in the distinguishing technical factors, such as size, weight, roughness, softness, chemical residues, "finger-breakthrough" resistance, water-absorption, etc. The larger companies have very detailed, scientific market surveys to determine which marketing sectors require or demand which of the many technical qualities. Modern toilet paper may have a light coating of aloe or lotion or wax worked into the paper to reduce roughness.

Quality is usually determined by the number of plies (stacked sheets), coarseness, and durability. Low grade institutional toilet paper is typically of the lowest grade of paper, has only one or two plies, is very coarse and sometimes contains small amounts of embedded unbleached/unpulped paper; it was typically called "hard" toilet paper.[37] A brand disinfected with carbolic acid was manufactured in Sheffield, United Kingdom under the Izal brand name by Newton Chambers until 1981.[38] Mid-grade two ply is somewhat textured to provide some softness and is somewhat stronger. Premium toilet paper may have lotion and wax and has two to four plies of very finely pulped paper. If it is marketed as "luxury", it may be quilted or rippled (embossed), perfumed, colored or patterned, medicated (with anti-bacterial chemicals), or treated with aloe or other perfumes.

To advance decomposition of the paper in septic tanks or drainage, the paper used has shorter fibres than facial tissue or writing paper. The manufacturer tries to reach an optimal balance between rapid decomposition (which requires shorter fibres) and sturdiness (which requires longer fibres). Compaction of toilet paper in drain lines, such as in a clog, prevents fibre dispersion and largely halts the breakdown process.

A German quip says that the toilet paper of Nazi Germany was so rough and scratchy that it was almost unusable, so many people used old issues of the Völkischer Beobachter instead, because the paper was softer.[39]

Color and design

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Apricot colored toilet paper

Colored toilet paper in colors such as pink, lavender, light blue, light green, purple, green, and light yellow (so that one could choose a color of toilet paper that matched or complemented the color of one's bathroom) was commonly sold in the United States from the 1960s. Up until 2004, Scott was one of the last remaining U.S. manufacturers to still produce toilet paper in beige, blue, and pink. However, the company has since cut production of colored paper altogether.[40]

Colored toilet paper remains commonly available in some European countries. Here in solid color toilet paper base, apart from the natural tones between white and gray or beige, pastel shades prevail: pink, apricot, light yellow and light blue. In rare cases, pale purple or pale green can be found. However, rich colors are rarely used, such as black, wine red, neon green, royal blue. Flat printed toilet paper is uncommon. If there is printing, it is often one color. Common print colors are pink and pinkish red, also blue, more rarely purple, orange, brown or green.[33]

Design

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Leaves as motif on toilet paper

Today, in the United States, plain unpatterned colored toilet paper has been mostly replaced by patterned toilet paper, normally white, with embossed decorative patterns or designs in various colors and different sizes depending on the brand. The patterns are in most cases "scatter patterns", that is, a motif is distributed ("scattered") several times (irregularly) over the surface. Stripes and dot patterns are rare. Occasionally, toilet papers have an embossed crocodile, wave, circle or check pattern. Some are additionally printed. Ornaments usually stand on their own as self-contained units. They never go uninterrupted (for example, as a border) from the first to the last sheet.[33]

Motifs

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Toilet paper with motif 50 euro bills

Predominant is everything that is associated "softness" and "fluffiness". There are decorations with bears, cats, rabbits, down feathers, clouds. Another motifs are things associated with "lightness": Clouds, downy feathers, leaves of all kinds, butterflies, flying birds. Another association is anything associated with pleasant fragrance: especially flowers of all kinds. Rare are motifs intended to appear noble, such as the Bourbon lily. Less rare are allusions to water, such as fish, shells and other aquatic creatures.[33]

Toilet papers are also provided with texts (jokes, poems), joke motifs (banknotes, politicians in their own or neighbouring companies) or advertising imprints.

Texture

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Crêpe secondary raw material toilet paper

Toilet paper is offered in different qualities. The cheapest toilet papers have a texture close to crêpe paper. They are often made of recycled material. Expensive toilet papers are made from particularly absorbent, delicate tissue paper. Toilet paper usually has a smooth surface. With several intentions, it is occasionally embossed. On the one hand, the embossing can serve to stabilize the paper. Furthermore, wiping can become more effective. Thirdly, there are design reasons. In Switzerland, in particular, there are often toilet paper with burls. In Germany, the number of plies is considered a quality feature. In the USA, Great Britain and Japan, the quality feature is that the toilet paper is as delicate and fine as possible.[33]

Additives

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Some toilet papers are perfumed. Popular scents are chamomile, peach or rose. Other toilet papers are impregnated with antibacterial additives.

Installation

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Dispensers

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A toilet roll holder, also known as a toilet paper dispenser, is an item that holds a roll of toilet paper. There are at least seven types of holders:

  1. A horizontal piece of wire mounted on a hinge, hanging from a door or wall.
  2. A horizontal axle recessed in the wall.
  3. A vertical axle recessed in the wall
  4. A horizontal axle mounted on a freestanding frame.
  5. A freestanding vertical pole on a base.
  6. A wall mounted dispensing unit, usually containing more than one roll. This is used in the commercial/away-from-home marketplace.
  7. A wall mounted dispensing unit with tissue interleaved in a "S"-type fold so the user can extract the tissue one sheet at a time.

Some commercial or institutional toilet paper is wrapped around a cylinder to many times the thickness of a standard toilet paper roll.

Orientation

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The over orientation
The under orientation

There are two choices of orientation when using a holder with a horizontal axle parallel to the wall: the toilet paper may hang over or under the roll. The choice is largely a matter of personal preference, dictated by habit. In surveys of American consumers and of bath and kitchen specialists, 60–70% of respondents prefer over. Most Americans think it should go over the top, like a waterfall.[41]

Decoration

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Toilegami refers to toilet paper origami. Like table napkins, some fancy Japanese hotels fold the first squares of toilet paper on its dispenser to be presented in a fashionable way.[42]

Recreational use

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In the United States, toilet paper has been the primary tool in a prank known as "TP-ing" (pronounced "teepeeing"). TP-ing, or "toilet papering", is often favored by adolescents and is the act of throwing rolls of toilet paper over cars, trees, houses and gardens, causing the toilet paper to unfurl and cover the property, creating an inconvenient mess.[43]

Children and cats may unroll an entire roll of toilet paper by spinning it until it completely unravels on the floor, or as a game by children wadding up one end, putting it in the toilet bowl without tearing it and then using the flushing of the toilet to pull new paper into the toilet, with the objective of flushing the entire roll down the toilet section at a time without the toilet paper breaking. Special toilet paper insert holders with an oblong shape were invented to prevent continuous unrolling without tearing to discourage this practice.[citation needed]

Toilet paper pranks include talking toilet paper holders and inserts that are activated by the unrolling of the toilet paper and will loudly play an embarrassing message calling attention to the person defecating.[44]

Other gags include custom toilet paper printed with jokes, stories or politician's images.[45]

Mechanics

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Alexander Balankin and coauthors have studied the behavior of toilet paper under tensile stress[46][47] and during wetting and burning.[48]

Toilet paper has been used in physics education to demonstrate the concepts of torque, moment of inertia, and angular momentum;[49][50][51] and the conservation of momentum and energy.[52]

Environmental considerations

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Some individuals place toilet paper on public toilet seats before sitting down.

One tree produces about 800 rolls (400 pounds (180 kg)) of toilet paper and about 83 million rolls are produced per day.[53] Global toilet paper production consumes 27,000 trees daily.[54]

More than seven billion rolls of toilet paper are sold yearly in the United States alone. Americans use an average of 141 rolls per capita a year which is equivalent to 12.7 kilograms (28 lb) of tissue paper per year.[55] This figure is about 50% more than the average of other Western countries or Japan.[56] The higher use in the United States may be explained by the fact that other countries people use bidets or spray hoses to clean themselves.[57] Millions of trees are harvested in North and South America leaving ecological footprint concerns.[58]

As of 2009, between 22% and 48% of the toilet paper used in the United States comes from tree farms in the U.S. and South America, with the rest mostly coming from old, second growth forests, and, some from virgin forests.[18]

Alternatives to virgin wood pulp

[edit]

Toilet paper made from recycled paper avoids the direct environmental impact of cutting down trees, and is commercially available. Recycled newspaper can contain BPA, an endocrine disruptor.[59]

Toilet paper produced from bamboo is commercially available, and is in some ways more environmentally friendly than virgin pulpwood, because bamboo grows faster, taking less land and less water. For North American consumers, the Natural Resources Defense Council recommends recycled tree pulp over bamboo toilet paper, because tree forests promote more biodiversity and bamboo products must be shipped from Asia.[60]

Toilet paper produced from bagasse, a byproduct of sugarcane, is commercially available, and avoids cutting down any plants because sugarcane is already grown for sugar production.[59]

The most eco-friendly alternatives are to rely solely on soap and water for anal hygiene.[60]

See also

[edit]
  • Anal hygiene
  • Fresh'n
  • Xylospongium, an ancient equivalent

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ "toilet tissue". Cambridge English Dictionary. 23 January 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  2. ^ "Definition of bathroom tissue". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  3. ^ "Toilet Roll". Cambridge English Dictionary. 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  4. ^ "Loo Roll | Meaning of Loo Roll by Lexico". Lexico Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  5. ^ "Bog roll definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary". www.collinsdictionary.com. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Needham, Volume 5, Part 1, 123.
  7. ^ Needham, Volume 5, Part 1, 122.
  8. ^ Nash, Stephen E. "What Did Ancient Romans Do Without Toilet Paper?". Sapiens. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  9. ^ Rabelais, François (20 April 2007). "Gargantua and Pantagruel". The University of Adelaide, Australia: eBooks@Adelaide. Archived from the original on 9 April 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  10. ^ Quoted in Maxted, Ian. "Sic transit gloria cloacarum". Website of The Ephemera Society. The Ephemera Society. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
  11. ^ Sheri Trusty (21 February 2012). "Teen takes mission trip to India". Fremont, Ohio: thenews-messenger.com. Retrieved 5 March 2012. 'In most of India, they don't use toilet paper. They use water and their left hands,' Ollervides said. 'That's what the left hand is for.'[permanent dead link]
  12. ^ The first of note is for the idea of perforating commercial papers (25 July 1871, #117355), the application for which includes an illustration of a perforated roll of paper. On 13 February 1883 he was granted patent #272369, which presented a roll of perforated wrapping or toilet paper supported in the center with a tube. Wheeler also had patents for mounted brackets that held the rolls. See also Joseph Nathan Kane, "Famous First Facts: A Record of First Happenings, Discoveries and Inventions in the United States" (H. W. Wilson: 1964), p. 434; Harper's Magazine, volume. Q, 1941–1943 (Harper's Magazine Co.:1941), p. 181; Jules Heller, "Paper Making" (Watson-Guptill:1978), p. 193.
  13. ^ Toilet paper takes center stage amid coronavirus outbreak. Be thankful we no longer use corncobs and rope ends.
  14. ^ O'Reilly, Terry (8 June 2017). "Now Splinter Free: How Marketing Broke Taboos". Under the Influence. CBC Radio One. Pirate Radio. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
  15. ^ Our only good news: Toilet paper won't run out / How Americans fell for toilet paper.
  16. ^ "History Feature: Walthamstow – The birthplace of soft toilet paper". East London and West Essex Guardian Series. 19 February 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  17. ^ Kessler, Matt (14 October 2016). "Are Wet Wipes Wrecking the World's Sewers?". The Atlantic. The Atlantic Monthly Group. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  18. ^ a b "Mr. Whipple Left It Out: Soft Is Rough on Forests" by Leslie Kaufman, The New York Times, 25 February 2009. Retrieved 26 February 2009.
  19. ^ Buder, Emily (19 March 2020). "What Misinformation Has to Do With Toilet Paper". The Atlantic. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  20. ^ Crockett, Zachary (9 July 2014). "The Great Toilet Paper Scare of 1973". Priceonomics.com. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  21. ^ "Venezuelan Government Seizes Toilet Paper Factory Amid Shortage". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  22. ^ Lee, Bruce Y. "Is COVID-19 Coronavirus Leading To Toilet Paper Shortages? Here Is The Situation". Forbes.
  23. ^ Corkery, Michael; Maheshwari, Sapna (13 March 2020). "Is There Really a Toilet Paper Shortage?". The New York Times.
  24. ^ Frankel, Todd C. (13 March 2020). "The toilet paper shortage is real. But it should be brief". The Washington Post. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  25. ^ Andrew, Scottie (9 March 2020). "The psychology behind why toilet paper, of all things, is the latest coronavirus panic buy". CNN. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  26. ^ Capozzi, Joe (15 March 2020). "Coronavirus in Florida: Toilet paper – the plywood of the pandemic". The Palm Beach Post. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  27. ^ Kluger, Jeffrey (14 March 2020). "In the Wake of the Coronavirus, Here's Why Americans Are Hoarding Toilet Paper". Time. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  28. ^ Whysel, Brett (17 April 2020). "Where Did All The Toilet Paper Go? The Behavioral Economics Of Hoarding". Forbes. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  29. ^ Schrotenboer, Brent (8 April 2020). "Coronavirus and shopping for supplies: Getting to the bottom of the toilet paper shortage". USA Today. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  30. ^ Karcz, Anthony (14 March 2020). "Stop Hoarding Toilet Paper – There's A Better Solution". Forbes. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  31. ^ "Quilton donates a million rolls of toilet paper to struggling Australians amid coronavirus panic-buying". Perth Now. 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  32. ^ "Toilet Rolls Vary in Net Weight &Total Length by a Double – Variations also in Paper Strength & Absorbency". consumer.org.hk. Hong Kong Consumer Council. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  33. ^ a b c d e Gudehus, Juli. "toilet paper – design for the arse • a collection". Juli Gudehus. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
  34. ^ "Is My Toilet Paper Shrinking?". Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  35. ^ "The Incredible Shrinking Toilet Paper Roll". Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  36. ^ "The dirty little secrets of toilet paper / Some rolls have shrunk more than 20 percent". Consumer Reports. 27 August 2015.
  37. ^ "Minor British Institutions: Izal toilet paper". The Independent. Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  38. ^ "The History of Izal – Joan Jones – 7th March 2016". 8 March 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  39. ^ Read, Anthony and Fisher, David The Fall of Berlin London: Pimlico, 1993.
  40. ^ "The unpalatable truth: the colour has drained from our bathrooms?". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  41. ^ Yenisey, Zeynep (5 April 2016). "What the Direction Your Toilet Paper Hangs Says About You According to Science: Under or over?". Maxim. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  42. ^ "Toilet Paper Origami". Origami Resource Center. Archived from the original on 26 January 2010. Retrieved 28 February 2010.
  43. ^ "Hey kids, TPing is not a crime!". tribunedigital-dailypilot. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  44. ^ "Amazon.com: Talking Toilet Paper Spindle: Toys & Games". Archived from the original on 9 September 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2025.
  45. ^ Kaye, Ben (4 August 2017). "Donald Trump's shitty tweets printed on toilet paper". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  46. ^ Balankin, Susarrey Huerta & Bravo 2001.
  47. ^ Balankin et al. 2002.
  48. ^ Balankin & Matamoros 2002.
  49. ^ Harkay 2006.
  50. ^ Goodwin 1985.
  51. ^ Walker 1975.
  52. ^ Ehrlich 1997.
  53. ^ "Toilet paper fun facts". ToiletPaperHistory.com.
  54. ^ "Toilet paper wipes out 27,000 trees a day – National Geographic's Green Guide". National Geographic. 16 April 2010. Archived from the original on 19 February 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
  55. ^ "The U.S. Leads the World in Toilet Paper Consumption". 5 October 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  56. ^ "Soft Tissue Paper is Hard on the Environment". Simple Ecology. 22 August 2009. Archived from the original on 24 November 2009. Retrieved 23 February 2010.
  57. ^ "Euro-style Personal Hygiene With the Bidet". hgtv.com. 27 February 2012. Archived from the original on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
  58. ^ Lindsey (26 February 2009). "Destroying forests to make toilet paper is 'worse than driving Hummers'". Green Peace. Archived from the original on 27 February 2010. Retrieved 23 February 2010.
  59. ^ a b "The Hidden Danger in Recycled Toilet Paper". HuffPost. 8 March 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  60. ^ a b Which toilet paper is the most eco-friendly? Bamboo vs. Recycled

General and cited sources

[edit]
  • Balankin, Alexander S.; Matamoros, Daniel Morales (2002), "Some new features of interface roughness dynamics in paper wetting, burning and rupturing experiments" (PDF), in Miroslav Michal Novak (ed.), Emergent Nature: Patterns, Growth and Scaling in the Sciences, pp. 345–356, doi:10.1142/9789812777720_0031, archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011, retrieved 27 July 2010
  • Balankin, Alexander S.; Susarrey Huerta, Orlando; Bravo, Armando (27 November 2001), "Self-affine nature of the stress-strain behavior of thin fibre networks" (PDF), Phys. Rev. E, 64 (6), American Physical Society: 066131, Bibcode:2001PhRvE..64f6131B, doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.64.066131, PMID 11736260, archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011, retrieved 27 July 2010citation: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  • Balankin, Alexander S.; Susarrey Huerta, Orlando; Urriolagoitia Calderón, Guillermo; Hernández, Luis H. (20 May 2002), "Self-affine nature of the stress-strain behavior of an elastic fractal network" (PDF), Physics Letters A, 297 (5–6), Elsevier: 376–386, Bibcode:2002PhLA..297..376B, doi:10.1016/S0375-9601(02)00427-9, archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011, retrieved 27 July 2010
  • Ehrlich, Robert (1997), "5.9 Dropping two rolls of toilet paper", Why Toast Lands Jelly-Side Down: Zen and the Art of Physics Demonstrations, Princeton University Press, pp. 97–98, ISBN 0-691-02891-5
  • Goodwin, Peter (1985), Physics can be fun: a sourcebook of practical problems, J. Weston Walch, pp. 64–69, ISBN 978-0-8251-0418-3
  • Harkay, J. Russell (2006), "Roll Out: Toilet Paper Physics", Phenomenal Physics: A Guided Inquiry Approach (3rd ed.), Lulu.com, pp. 135–140, ISBN 978-1-4116-8882-7
  • Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1, Paper and Printing. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
  • Walker, Jearl (1975), The Flying Circus of Physics: With Answers (1st ed.), Wiley, pp. 32, 235, ISBN 978-0-471-76273-7

Further reading

[edit]
  • De Beaumont, Sally; Tanner, Amoret; Rickards, Maurice (2000), Encyclopedia of Ephemera, UK: Routledge, pp. 190–191, ISBN 0-415-92648-3
  • Knuth, Donald E. (October 1984), "The Toilet Paper Problem", The American Mathematical Monthly, 91 (8): 465–470, doi:10.2307/2322567, JSTOR 2322567
  • Smyth, Richard (2012). Bum Fodder: An Absorbing History of Toilet Paper. Souvenir Press Limited. ISBN 978-0-285-64120-4.
[edit]

Media related to Toilet paper at Wikimedia Commons

 

Sustainability (from the latin sustinere - hold up, hold upright; furnish with ways of assistance; bear, undergo, sustain), is the capacity to proceed over an extended period of time. In contemporary usage it typically refers to a state in which the atmosphere, economic situation and culture will remain to exist over an extended period of time. Numerous definitions highlight the ecological dimension. This can consist of dealing with essential ecological troubles, consisting of environment modification and biodiversity loss. The concept of sustainability can assist choices at the global, nationwide, organizational, and individual levels. A relevant concept is that of lasting growth, and the terms are frequently made use of to mean the very same thing. UNESCO distinguishes both such as this: "Sustainability is often considered a long-lasting goal (i. e. a much more sustainable globe), while sustainable growth refers to the several processes and pathways to accomplish it. " Details around the economic measurement of sustainability are debatable. Scholars have actually reviewed this under the principle of weak and strong sustainability. As an example, there will certainly always be tension in between the ideas of "well-being and prosperity for all" and ecological preservation, so trade-offs are necessary. It would be preferable to find ways that separate economic growth from harming the atmosphere. This means using fewer sources per unit of output also while growing the economic situation. This decoupling minimizes the ecological effect of economic growth, such as pollution. Doing this is challenging. It is testing to gauge sustainability as the principle is intricate, contextual, and dynamic. Indicators have been established to cover the environment, society, or the economy but there is no fixed definition of sustainability signs. The metrics are advancing and include indications, criteria and audits. They include sustainability criteria and accreditation systems like Fairtrade and Organic. They additionally include indices and audit systems such as business sustainability reporting and Triple Profits bookkeeping. It is necessary to deal with many barriers to sustainability to attain a sustainability shift or sustainability makeover. Some barriers develop from nature and its intricacy while others are external to the idea of sustainability. As an example, they can arise from the leading institutional frameworks in countries. International problems of sustainability are tough to deal with as they need worldwide solutions. The United Nations composes, "Today, there are virtually 140 establishing countries worldwide looking for methods of meeting their development needs, yet with the increasing threat of environment change, concrete efforts should be made to make sure development today does not negatively influence future generations" UN Sustainability. Existing global companies such as the UN and WTO are viewed as ineffective in enforcing current international policies. One reason for this is the absence of ideal approving devices. Federal governments are not the only resources of activity for sustainability. For example, business groups have tried to incorporate environmental worry about economic task, seeking sustainable service. Spiritual leaders have worried the need for looking after nature and ecological security. Individuals can likewise live more sustainably. Some individuals have slammed the concept of sustainability. One factor of objection is that the principle is vague and only a buzzword. One more is that sustainability may be an impossible objective.Some professionals have pointed out that "no nation is supplying what its residents need without transgressing the biophysical planetary boundaries".

.
San Francisco Ferry Building, The Embarcadero, and the Bay Bridge at night, all examples of infrastructure

Infrastructure is the set of facilities and systems that serve a country, city, or other area,[1] and encompasses the services and facilities necessary for its economy, households and firms to function.[2] Infrastructure is composed of public and private physical structures such as roads, railways, bridges, airports, public transit systems, tunnels, water supply, sewers, electrical grids, and telecommunications (including Internet connectivity and broadband access). In general, infrastructure has been defined as "the physical components of interrelated systems providing commodities and services essential to enable, sustain, or enhance societal living conditions" and maintain the surrounding environment.[3]

Especially in light of the massive societal transformations needed to mitigate and adapt to climate change, contemporary infrastructure conversations frequently focus on sustainable development and green infrastructure. Acknowledging this importance, the international community has created policy focused on sustainable infrastructure through the Sustainable Development Goals, especially Sustainable Development Goal 9 "Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure".

One way to describe different types of infrastructure is to classify them as two distinct kinds: hard infrastructure and soft infrastructure.[4] Hard infrastructure is the physical networks necessary for the functioning of a modern industrial society or industry.[5] This includes roads, bridges, and railways. Soft infrastructure is all the institutions that maintain the economic, health, social, environmental, and cultural standards of a country.[5] This includes educational programs, official statistics, parks and recreational facilities, law enforcement agencies, and emergency services.

Classifications

[edit]

A 1987 US National Research Council panel adopted the term "public works infrastructure", referring to:

"... both specific functional modes – highways, streets, roads, and bridges; mass transit; airports and airways; water supply and water resources; wastewater management; solid-waste treatment and disposal; electric power generation and transmission; telecommunications; and hazardous waste management – and the combined system these modal elements comprise. A comprehension of infrastructure spans not only these public works facilities, but also the operating procedures, management practices, and development policies that interact together with societal demand and the physical world to facilitate the transport of people and goods, provision of water for drinking and a variety of other uses, safe disposal of society's waste products, provision of energy where it is needed, and transmission of information within and between communities."[6]

The American Society of Civil Engineers publishes an "Infrastructure Report Card" which represents the organization's opinion on the condition of various infrastructure every 2–4 years.[7] As of 2017 they grade 16 categories, namely aviation, bridges, dams, drinking water, energy, hazardous waste, inland waterways, levees, parks and recreation, ports, rail, roads, schools, solid waste, transit and wastewater.[7]: 4  The United States has received a rating of "D+" on its infrastructure.[8] This aging infrastructure is a result of governmental neglect and inadequate funding.[8] As the United States presumably looks to upgrade its existing infrastructure, sustainable measures could be a consideration of the design, build, and operation plans.

Public

[edit]

Public infrastructure is that owned or available for use by the public (represented by the government).[9] It includes:[9]

  • Transport infrastructure – vehicles, road, rail, cable and financing of transport
    • Aviation infrastructure – air traffic control technology in aviation
    • Rail transport – trackage, signals, electrification of rails
    • Road transport – roads, bridges, tunnels
  • Critical infrastructure – assets required to sustain human life
  • Energy infrastructure – transmission and storage of fossil fuels and renewable sources
  • Information and communication infrastructure – systems of information storage and distribution
  • Public capital – government-owned assets
  • Public works – municipal infrastructure, maintenance functions and agencies
  • Municipal solid waste – generation, collection, management of trash/garbage
  • Sustainable urban infrastructure – technology, architecture, policy for sustainable living
  • Water supply network – the distribution and maintenance of water supply
  • Wastewater infrastructure – disposal and treatment of wastewater
  • Infrastructure-based development

Personal

[edit]

A way to embody personal infrastructure is to think of it in terms of human capital.[10] Human capital is defined by the Encyclopædia Britannica as "intangible collective resources possessed by individuals and groups within a given population".[11] The goal of personal infrastructure is to determine the quality of the economic agents' values. This results in three major tasks: the task of economic proxies in the economic process (teachers, unskilled and qualified labor, etc.); the importance of personal infrastructure for an individual (short and long-term consumption of education); and the social relevance of personal infrastructure.[10] Essentially, personal infrastructure maps the human impact on infrastructure as it is related to the economy, individual growth, and social impact.

Institutional

[edit]

Institutional infrastructure branches from the term "economic constitution". According to Gianpiero Torrisi, institutional infrastructure is the object of economic and legal policy. It compromises the growth and sets norms.[10] It refers to the degree of fair treatment of equal economic data and determines the framework within which economic agents may formulate their own economic plans and carry them out in co-operation with others.

Sustainable

[edit]

Sustainable infrastructure refers to the processes of design and construction that take into consideration their environmental, economic, and social impact.[8] Included in this section are several elements of sustainable schemes, including materials, water, energy, transportation, and waste management infrastructure.[8] Although there are endless other factors of consideration, those will not be covered in this section.

Material

[edit]

Material infrastructure is defined as "those immobile, non-circulating capital goods that essentially contribute to the production of infrastructure goods and services needed to satisfy basic physical and social requirements of economic agents".[10] There are two distinct qualities of material infrastructures: 1) fulfillment of social needs and 2) mass production. The first characteristic deals with the basic needs of human life. The second characteristic is the non-availability of infrastructure goods and services.[10] Today, there are various materials that can be used to build infrastructure. The most prevalent ones are asphalt, concrete, steel, masonry, wood, polymers and composites.[12]

Economic

[edit]

According to the business dictionary, economic infrastructure can be defined as "internal facilities of a country that make business activity possible, such as communication, transportation and distribution networks, financial institutions and related international markets, and energy supply systems".[13] Economic infrastructure support productive activities and events. This includes roads, highways, bridges, airports, cycling infrastructure, water distribution networks, sewer systems, and irrigation plants.[10]

Social

[edit]
Lehigh Valley Hospital–Cedar Crest in Allentown, Pennsylvania

Social infrastructure can be broadly defined as the construction and maintenance of facilities that support social services.[14] Social infrastructures are created to increase social comfort and promote economic activity. These include schools, parks and playgrounds, structures for public safety, waste disposal plants, hospitals, and sports areas.[10]

Core

[edit]
An Autobahn in Lehrte, near Hanover, Germany

Core assets provide essential services and have monopolistic characteristics.[15] Investors seeking core infrastructure look for five different characteristics: income, low volatility of returns, diversification, inflation protection, and long-term liability matching.[15] Core infrastructure incorporates all the main types of infrastructure, such as roads, highways, railways, public transportation, water, and gas supply.

Basic

[edit]

Basic infrastructure refers to main railways, roads, canals, harbors and docks, the electromagnetic telegraph, drainage, dikes, and land reclamation.[10] It consist of the more well-known and common features of infrastructure that we come across in our daily lives (buildings, roads, docks).

Complementary

[edit]

Complementary infrastructure refers to things like light railways, tramways, and gas/electricity/water supply.[10] To complement something means to bring it to perfection or complete it. Complementary infrastructure deals with the little parts of the engineering world that make life more convenient and efficient. They are needed to ensure successful usage and marketing of an already finished product, like in the case of road bridges.[16] Other examples are lights on sidewalks, landscaping around buildings, and benches where pedestrians can rest.

Applications

[edit]

Engineering and construction

[edit]

Engineers generally limit the term "infrastructure" to describe fixed assets that are in the form of a large network; in other words, hard infrastructure.[citation needed] Efforts to devise more generic definitions of infrastructures have typically referred to the network aspects of most of the structures, and to the accumulated value of investments in the networks as assets.[citation needed] One such definition from 1998 defined infrastructure as the network of assets "where the system as a whole is intended to be maintained indefinitely at a specified standard of service by the continuing replacement and refurbishment of its components".[17]

Civil defense and economic development

[edit]

Civil defense planners and developmental economists generally refer to both hard and soft infrastructure, including public services such as schools and hospitals, emergency services such as police and fire fighting, and basic services in the economic sector. The notion of infrastructure-based development combining long-term infrastructure investments by government agencies at central and regional levels with public private partnerships has proven popular among economists in Asia (notably Singapore and China), mainland Europe, and Latin America.

Military

[edit]

Military infrastructure is the buildings and permanent installations necessary for the support of military forces, whether they are stationed in bases, being deployed or engaged in operations. Examples include barracks, headquarters, airfields, communications facilities, stores of military equipment, port installations, and maintenance stations.[18]

Communications

[edit]

Communications infrastructure is the informal and formal channels of communication, political and social networks, or beliefs held by members of particular groups, as well as information technology, software development tools. Still underlying these more conceptual uses is the idea that infrastructure provides organizing structure and support for the system or organization it serves, whether it is a city, a nation, a corporation, or a collection of people with common interests. Examples include IT infrastructure, research infrastructure, terrorist infrastructure, employment infrastructure, and tourism infrastructure.[citation needed]

[edit]

The term "infrastructure" may be confused with the following overlapping or related concepts.

Land improvement and land development are general terms that in some contexts may include infrastructure, but in the context of a discussion of infrastructure would refer only to smaller-scale systems or works that are not included in infrastructure, because they are typically limited to a single parcel of land, and are owned and operated by the landowner. For example, an irrigation canal that serves a region or district would be included with infrastructure, but the private irrigation systems on individual land parcels would be considered land improvements, not infrastructure. Service connections to municipal service and public utility networks would also be considered land improvements, not infrastructure.[19][20]

The term "public works" includes government-owned and operated infrastructure as well as public buildings, such as schools and courthouses. Public works generally refers to physical assets needed to deliver public services. Public services include both infrastructure and services generally provided by the government.

Ownership and financing

[edit]

Infrastructure may be owned and managed by governments or by privately held companies, such as sole public utility or railway companies. Generally, most roads, major airports and other ports, water distribution systems, and sewage networks are publicly owned, whereas most energy and telecommunications networks are privately owned.[citation needed] Publicly owned infrastructure may be paid for from taxes, tolls, or metered user fees, whereas private infrastructure is generally paid for by metered user fees.[21][22] Major investment projects are generally financed by the issuance of long-term bonds.[citation needed]

Government-owned and operated infrastructure may be developed and operated in the private sector or in public-private partnerships, in addition to in the public sector. As of 2008 in the United States for example, public spending on infrastructure has varied between 2.3% and 3.6% of GDP since 1950.[23] Many financial institutions invest in infrastructure.

In the developing world

[edit]
Anarchist protest for public transportation in Porto Alegre

According to researchers at the Overseas Development Institute, the lack of infrastructure in many developing countries represents one of the most significant limitations to economic growth and achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Infrastructure investments and maintenance can be very expensive, especially in such areas as landlocked, rural and sparsely populated countries in Africa. It has been argued that infrastructure investments contributed to more than half of Africa's improved growth performance between 1990 and 2005, and increased investment is necessary to maintain growth and tackle poverty. The returns to investment in infrastructure are very significant, with on average thirty to forty percent returns for telecommunications (ICT) investments, over forty percent for electricity generation, and eighty percent for roads.[24]

Regional differences

[edit]

The demand for infrastructure both by consumers and by companies is much higher than the amount invested.[24] There are severe constraints on the supply side of the provision of infrastructure in Asia.[25] The infrastructure financing gap between what is invested in Asia-Pacific (around US$48 billion) and what is needed (US$228 billion) is around US$180 billion every year.[24]

In Latin America, three percent of GDP (around US$71 billion) would need to be invested in infrastructure in order to satisfy demand, yet in 2005, for example, only around two percent was invested leaving a financing gap of approximately US$24 billion.[24]

In Africa, in order to reach the seven percent annual growth calculated to be required to meet the MDGs by 2015 would require infrastructure investments of about fifteen percent of GDP, or around US$93 billion a year. In fragile states, over thirty-seven percent of GDP would be required.[24]

Sources of funding for infrastructure

[edit]

The source of financing for infrastructure varies significantly across sectors. Some sectors are dominated by government spending, others by overseas development aid (ODA), and yet others by private investors.[24] In California, infrastructure financing districts are established by local governments to pay for physical facilities and services within a specified area by using property tax increases.[26] In order to facilitate investment of the private sector in developing countries' infrastructure markets, it is necessary to design risk-allocation mechanisms more carefully, given the higher risks of their markets.[27]

The spending money that comes from the government is less than it used to be. From the 1930s to 2019, the United States went from spending 4.2% of GDP to 2.5% of GDP on infrastructure.[28] These under investments have accrued, in fact, according to the 2017 ASCE Infrastructure Report Card, from 2016 to 2025, infrastructure will be underinvested by $2 trillion.[28] Compared to the global GDP percentages, The United States is tied for second-to-last place, with an average percentage of 2.4%. This means that the government spends less money on repairing old infrastructure and or on infrastructure as a whole.[29]

In Sub-Saharan Africa, governments spend around US$9.4 billion out of a total of US$24.9 billion. In irrigation, governments represent almost all spending. In transport and energy a majority of investment is government spending. In ICT and water supply and sanitation, the private sector represents the majority of capital expenditure. Overall, between them aid, the private sector, and non-OECD financiers exceed government spending. The private sector spending alone equals state capital expenditure, though the majority is focused on ICT infrastructure investments. External financing increased in the 2000s (decade) and in Africa alone external infrastructure investments increased from US$7 billion in 2002 to US$27 billion in 2009. China, in particular, has emerged as an important investor.[24]

Coronavirus implications

[edit]

The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic has only exacerbated the underfunding of infrastructure globally that has been accumulating for decades. The pandemic has increased unemployment and has widely disrupted the economy. This has serious impacts on households, businesses, and federal, state and local governments. This is especially detrimental to infrastructure because it is so dependent on funding from government agencies – with state and local governments accounting for approximately 75% of spending on public infrastructure in the United States.[30]

Governments are facing enormous decreases in revenue, economic downturns, overworked health systems, and hesitant workforces, resulting in huge budget deficits across the board. However, they must also scale up public investment to ensure successful reopening, boost growth and employment, and green their economies.[31] The unusually large scale of the packages needed for COVID-19 was accompanied by widespread calls for "greening" them to meet the dual goals of economic recovery and environmental sustainability.[32] However, as of March 2021, only a small fraction of the G20 COVID-19 related fiscal measures was found to be climate friendly.[32]

Sustainable infrastructure

[edit]

Although it is readily apparent that much effort is needed to repair the economic damage inflicted by the Coronavirus epidemic, an immediate return to business as usual could be environmentally harmful, as shown by the 2007-08 financial crisis in the United States. While the ensuing economic slowdown reduced global greenhouse gas emissions in 2009, emissions reached a record high in 2010, partially due to governments' implemented economic stimulus measures with minimal consideration of the environmental consequences.[33] The concern is whether this same pattern will repeat itself. The post-COVID-19 period could determine whether the world meets or misses the emissions goals of the 2015 Paris Agreement and limits global warming to 1.5 degrees C to 2 degrees C.[34]

As a result of the COVID-19 epidemic, a host of factors could jeopardize a low-carbon recovery plan: this includes reduced attention on the global political stage (2020 UN Climate Summit has been postponed to 2021), the relaxing of environmental regulations in pursuit of economic growth, decreased oil prices preventing low-carbon technologies from being competitive, and finally, stimulus programs that take away funds that could have been used to further the process of decarbonization.[33] Research suggests that a recovery plan based on lower-carbon emissions could not only make significant emissions reductions needed to battle climate change, but also create more economic growth and jobs than a high-carbon recovery plan would.[33] A study published in the Oxford Review of Economic Policy, more than 200 economists and economic officials reported that "green" economic-recovery initiatives performed at least as well as less "green" initiatives.[35] There have also been calls for an independent body could provide a comparable assessment of countries' fiscal policies, promoting transparency and accountability at the international level.[32]

In addition, in an econometric study published in the Economic Modelling journal, an analysis on government energy technology spending showed that spending on the renewable energy sector created five more jobs per million dollars invested than spending on fossil fuels.[36] Since sustainable infrastructure is more beneficial in both an economic and environmental context, it represents the future of infrastructure. Especially with increasing pressure from climate change and diminishing natural resources, infrastructure not only needs to maintain economic development and job development, and a high quality of life for residents, but also protect the environment and its natural resources.[31]

Sustainable energy

[edit]

Sustainable energy infrastructure includes types of renewable energy power plants as well as the means of exchange from the plant to the homes and businesses that use that energy. Renewable energy includes well researched and widely implemented methods such as wind, solar, and hydraulic power, as well as newer and less commonly used types of power creation such as fusion energy. Sustainable energy infrastructure must maintain a strong supply relative to demand, and must also maintain sufficiently low prices for consumers so as not to decrease demand.[8] Any type of renewable energy infrastructure that fails to meet these consumption and price requirements will ultimately be forced out of the market by prevailing non renewable energy sources.

Sustainable water

[edit]

Sustainable water infrastructure is focused on a community's sufficient access to clean, safe drinking water.[8] Water is a public good along with electricity, which means that sustainable water catchment and distribution systems must remain affordable to all members of a population.[8] "Sustainable Water" may refer to a nation or community's ability to be self-sustainable, with enough water to meet multiple needs including agriculture, industry, sanitation, and drinking water. It can also refer to the holistic and effective management of water resources.[37] Increasingly, policy makers and regulators are incorporating Nature-based solutions (NBS or NbS) into attempts to achieve sustainable water infrastructure.

Sustainable waste management

[edit]

Sustainable waste management systems aim to minimize the amount of waste products produced by individuals and corporations.[38] Commercial waste management plans have transitioned from simple waste removal plans into comprehensive plans focused on reducing the total amount of waste produced before removal.[38] Sustainable waste management is beneficial environmentally, and can also cut costs for businesses that reduce their amount of disposed goods.[38]

Sustainable transportation

[edit]

Sustainable transportation includes a shift away from private, greenhouse gas emitting cars in favor of adopting methods of transportation that are either carbon neutral or reduce carbon emissions such as bikes or electric bus systems.[39] Additionally, cities must invest in the appropriate built environments for these ecologically preferable modes of transportation.[39] Cities will need to invest in public transportation networks, as well as bike path networks among other sustainable solutions that incentivize citizens to use these alternate transit options. Reducing the urban dependency on cars is a fundamental goal of developing sustainable transportation, and this cannot be accomplished without a coordinated focus on both creating the methods of transportation themselves and providing them with networks that are equally or more efficient than existing car networks such as aging highway systems.[39]

Sustainable materials

[edit]

Another solution to transition into a more sustainable infrastructure is using more sustainable materials. A material is sustainable if the needed amount can be produced without depleting non-renewable resources.[40] It also should have low environmental impacts by not disrupting the established steady-state equilibrium of it.[40] The materials should also be resilient, renewable, reusable, and recyclable.[41]

Today, concrete is one of the most common materials used in infrastructure. There is twice as much concrete used in construction than all other building materials combined.[42] It is the backbone of industrialization, as it is used in bridges, piers, pipelines, pavements, and buildings.[43] However, while they do serve as a connection between cities, transportation for people and goods, and protection for land against flooding and erosion, they only last for 50 to 100 years.[44] Many were built within the last 50 years, which means many infrastructures need substantial maintenance to continue functioning.

However, concrete is not sustainable. The production of concrete contributes up to 8% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions.[45] A tenth of the world's industrial water usage is from producing concrete.[45] Even transporting the raw materials to concrete production sites adds to airborne pollution.[45] Furthermore, the production sites and the infrastructures themselves all strip away agricultural land that could have been fertile soil or habitats vital to the ecosystem.

Green infrastructure

[edit]

Green infrastructure is a type of sustainable infrastructure. Green infrastructure uses plant or soil systems to restore some of the natural processes needed to manage water, reduce the effects of disasters such as flooding,[46] and create healthier urban environments.[47] In a more practical sense, it refers to a decentralized network of stormwater management practices, which includes green roofs, trees, bioretention and infiltration, and permeable pavement.[48] Green infrastructure has become an increasingly popular strategy in recent years due to its effectiveness in providing ecological, economic, and social benefits – including positively impacting energy consumption, air quality, and carbon reduction and sequestration.[48]

Green roofs

[edit]

A green roof is a rooftop that is partially or completely covered with growing vegetation planted over a membrane. It also includes additional layers, including a root barrier and drainage and irrigation systems.[49] There are several categories of green roofs, including extensive (have a growing media depth ranging from two to six inches) and intensive (have a growing media with a depth greater than six inches).[49] One benefit of green roofs is that they reduce stormwater runoff because of its ability to store water in its growing media, reducing the runoff entering the sewer system and waterways, which also decreases the risk of combined sewer overflows.[49] They reduce energy usage since the growing media provides additional insulation, reduces the amount of solar radiation on the roof's surface, and provides evaporative cooling from water in the plants, which reduce the roof surface temperatures and heat influx.[49] Green roofs also reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide since the vegetation sequesters carbon and, since they reduce energy usage and the urban heat island by reducing the roof temperature, they also lower carbon dioxide emissions from electricity generation.[50]

Tree planting

[edit]

Tree planting provides a host of ecological, social, and economic benefits. Trees can intercept rain, support infiltration and water storage in soil, diminish the impact of raindrops on barren surfaces, minimize soil moisture through transpiration, and they help reduce stormwater runoff.[47] Additionally, trees contribute to recharging local aquifers and improve the health of watershed systems. Trees also reduce energy usage by providing shade and releasing water into the atmosphere which cools the air and reduces the amount of heat absorbed by buildings.[48] Finally, trees improve air quality by absorbing harmful air pollutants reducing the amount of greenhouse gases.

Bioretention and infiltration practices

[edit]

There are a variety of types of bioretention and infiltration practices, including rain gardens and bioswales.[48] A rain garden is planted in a small depression or natural slope and includes native shrubs and flowers. They temporarily hold and absorb rain water and are effective in removing up to 90% of nutrients and chemicals and up to 80% of sediments from the runoff.[51] As a result, they soak 30% more water than conventional gardens.[51] Bioswales are planted in paved areas like parking lots or sidewalks and are made to allow for overflow into the sewer system by trapping silt and other pollutants, which are normally left over from impermeable surfaces.[48] Both rain gardens and bioswales mitigate flood impacts and prevent stormwater from polluting local waterways; increase the usable water supply by reducing the amount of water needed for outdoor irrigation; improve air quality by minimizing the amount of water going into treatment facilities, which also reduces energy usage and, as a result, reduces air pollution since less greenhouse gases are emitted.[48]

Smart cities

[edit]

Smart cities use innovative methods of design and implementation in various sectors of infrastructure and planning to create communities that operate at a higher level of relative sustainability than their traditional counterparts.[8] In a sustainable city, urban resilience as well as infrastructure reliability must both be present.[8] Urban resilience is defined by a city's capacity to quickly adapt or recover from infrastructure defects, and infrastructure reliability means that systems must work efficiently while continuing to maximize their output.[8] When urban resilience and infrastructure reliability interact, cities are able to produce the same level of output at similarly reasonable costs as compared to other non sustainable communities, while still maintaining ease of operation and usage.

Masdar City

[edit]

Masdar City is a proposed zero emission smart city that will be contracted in the United Arab Emirates.[52] Some individuals have referred to this planned settlement as "utopia-like", due to the fact that it will feature multiple sustainable infrastructure elements, including energy, water, waste management, and transportation. Masdar City will have a power infrastructure containing renewable energy methods including solar energy.[52]

Masdar City is located in a desert region, meaning that sustainable collection and distribution of water is dependent on the city's ability to use water at innovative stages of the water cycle.[53] The city will use groundwater, greywater, seawater, blackwater, and other water resources to obtain both drinking and landscaping water.[53]

Initially, Masdar City will be waste-free.[52] Recycling and other waste management and waste reduction methods will be encouraged.[52] Additionally, the city will implement a system to convert waste into fertilizer, which will decrease the amount of space needed for waste accumulation as well as provide an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional fertilizer production methods.

No cars will be allowed in Masdar City, contributing to low carbon emissions within the city boundaries.[52] Instead, alternative transportation options will be prioritized during infrastructure development. This means that a bike lane network will be accessible and comprehensive, and other options will also be available.[52]

See also

[edit]
  • Agile infrastructure
  • Airport infrastructure
  • Asset Management Plan
  • Green infrastructure
  • Infrastructure as a service
  • Infrastructure asset management
  • Infrastructure building
  • Infrastructure security
  • Logistics
  • Megaproject
  • Project finance
  • Pseudo-urbanization
  • Public capital
  • Sustainable architecture
  • Sustainable engineering

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Infrastructure | Define Infrastructure at Dictionary.com Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ O'Sullivan, Arthur; Sheffrin, Steven M. (2003). Economics: Principles in Action. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 474. ISBN 978-0-13-063085-8.
  3. ^ Fulmer, Jeffrey (2009). "What in the world is infrastructure?". PEI Infrastructure Investor (July/August): 30–32.
  4. ^ Dyer, Mark; Dyer, Rachel; Weng, Min-Hsien; Wu, Shaoqun; Grey, Thomas; Gleeson, Richard; Ferrari, Tomás García (December 2019). "Framework for soft and hard city infrastructures". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Urban Design and Planning. 172 (6): 219–227. doi:10.1680/jurdp.19.00021. hdl:10289/15706. S2CID 209056612.
  5. ^ a b Hamutak, Luta. "Civil Society Comments on Infrastructure Strategic Sector" (PDF).
  6. ^ Infrastructure for the 21st Century. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. 1987. p. 21. doi:10.17226/798. ISBN 978-0-309-07814-6.
  7. ^ a b 2017 Infrastructure Report, 112pp, American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017
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  9. ^ a b "Public Infrastructure". Corporate Finance Institute. Retrieved 2024-01-26.
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  42. ^ Gagg, Colin R. (May 2014). "Cement and concrete as an engineering material: An historic appraisal and case study analysis". Engineering Failure Analysis. 40: 114–140. doi:10.1016/j.engfailanal.2014.02.004.
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  44. ^ Schlangen, Erik (2018). "Foreword". Eco-Efficient Repair and Rehabilitation of Concrete Infrastructures. Elsevier. pp. xvii. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-102181-1.00030-7. ISBN 978-0-08-102181-1.
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  46. ^ Kurki-Fox, J. Jack; Doll, Barbara A.; Line, Daniel E.; Baldwin, Madalyn E.; Klondike, Travis M.; Fox, Andrew A. (2022-08-01). "The flood reduction and water quality impacts of watershed-scale natural infrastructure implementation in North Carolina, USA". Ecological Engineering. 181: 106696. doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2022.106696. ISSN 0925-8574.cite journal: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
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Bibliography

[edit]
  • Koh, Jae Myong (2018) Green Infrastructure Financing: Institutional Investors, PPPs and Bankable Projects, London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-3-319-71769-2.
  • Nurre, Sarah G.; Cavdaroglu, Burak; Mitchell, John E.; Sharkey, Thomas C.; Wallace, William A. (December 2012). "Restoring infrastructure systems: An integrated network design and scheduling (INDS) problem". European Journal of Operational Research. 223 (3): 794–806. doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2012.07.010.
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  • Hayes, Brian (2005). Infrastructure: the book of everything for the industrial landscape (1st ed.). New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-32959-9.
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[edit]
  • Body of Knowledge on Infrastructure Regulation
  • Next Generation Infrastructures international research programme
  • Report Card on America's Infrastructure
  • sustainable sports infrastructure
  • Dirk van Laak: Infrastructures, version: 1.0, in: Docupedia Zeitgeschichte, 20th may 2021

 

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Frequently Asked Questions

Calculate 1 restroom per 10 workers for an 8-hour shift. A standard 2-station trailer serves up to 20 workers, while a 4-station serves up to 40 workers.
Most 2-station trailers require minimum 3,500 lb towing capacity, while 4-station trailers need 5,000+ lb capacity. Standard 1/2 ton pickups can typically handle 2-station units.
Weekly servicing is standard for normal use. More frequent service may be needed for heavy use (every 3-4 days). Each station typically holds 125-150 gallons of waste.
Requires level ground with 12 x 20 minimum space for a 2-station trailer, plus room to maneuver tow vehicle. Surface should be stable enough to support loaded trailer weight (typically 3,000-6,000 lbs).