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We meticulously oversee every detail, ensuring the workmanship meets our exacting standards-and yours. Feedback consistently points to the professionalism and expertise of the Canyon Property team. 'Their attention to detail and sustainability has made our home not just more beautiful, but also more energy-efficient,' says a satisfied homeowner. Imagine stepping into a home that not only reflects your personality but also adapts to your lifestyle changes over time. Building on our commitment to sustainability, let's hear directly from clients who've experienced the Canyon Property Projects difference firsthand. Learn more about Home Renovation Company Surrey here This isn't a distant dream anymore; it's quickly becoming the norm.
We can help you reduce your carbon footprint and save on energy bills by integrating smart home technology, upgrading insulation, and more. These elements not only benefit the environment but can also save you money in the long run. Affordable home remodeling Surrey Canyon stands out for numerous reasons. Learn more about Canyon Property Projects Ltd. here. Whether it's modernizing the living areas with state-of-the-art technology or turning your bathroom into a spa-like retreat, they've got the expertise to make it happen.
Our expertise spans from transforming outdated kitchens into modern culinary spaces to turning drab bathrooms into luxurious retreats. You'll choose materials and technologies that not only reduce your carbon footprint but also enhance your living experience. What sets Canyon Property Projects Ltd. apart is their commitment to quality and attention to detail. Open floor plans continue to reign supreme, offering a seamless flow between living, dining, and kitchen areas. Open concept renovation
You'll be kept in the loop every step of the way, ensuring there are no surprises. Fireplace remodeling You'll discover that Canyon Property Projects Ltd offers a comprehensive array of services, ensuring every aspect of your home renovation is covered. Additionally, we're now offering bespoke outdoor living solutions, from custom decks to beautifully landscaped gardens, ensuring your home's exterior is as welcoming and comfortable as its interior. Moreover, Canyon Property prioritizes your renovation experience.

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We tailor every element to suit your lifestyle, ensuring that the final layout is as practical as it is beautiful. Another mistake is neglecting proper planning. They're making it possible. This approach not only improves your living environment but also supports your well-being. Hearing directly from satisfied customers, you'll discover how Canyon Property Projects has transformed their homes and exceeded expectations.

First, reach out to Canyon Property Projects through their website or give them a call.

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This could be anything from a complete home makeover to more targeted updates in areas like your kitchen or bathroom.

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Discover why choosing Canyon Property Projects could be the game changer for your renovation project, leaving you curious about the possibilities that lie ahead for reinventing your living space. That's why we're dedicated to offering custom renovation solutions that align with your specific desires and requirements.

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This isn't just about blueprints and budgets; it's about capturing the essence of what you want your living space to become. You're not just hiring a company; you're partnering with a collective of experts who've been handpicked for their specific skills. It's a collaborative journey that guarantees the end result is uniquely yours. While DIY projects may seem cost-effective, they can lead to costly errors.

We've integrated state-of-the-art project management tools that provide you with real-time updates on your project's progress. It's not just about the drastic changes; it's about how these renovations reflect the unique styles and needs of each homeowner. Canyon Property Projects has recently broadened its array of services, promising to cater to a more diverse set of home renovation requirements. From initial consultation to final reveal, Canyon Property Projects works closely with you to bring your vision to life, ensuring the end result not only meets but exceeds your expectations.



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Citations and other links

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With custom renovations, your home becomes a true reflection of who you are, designed for how you live. When you're looking to transform your home, you'll find that their approach is both refreshing and highly efficient. Outdoor kitchen installation We're not just listening; we're imagining alongside you, pinpointing the exact textures, colors, and functionalities that will bring your vision to life. By choosing Canyon Property Projects, you're opting for a renovation that respects the environment while enhancing your living space. This way, you avoid paying interest altogether.

You've got a vision for your home, and Canyon Property Projects Ltd. is here to bring it to life. Whether you're looking to enhance your curb appeal with a new deck or patio or need comprehensive landscaping services, we've got you covered. For smaller projects, a 0% APR credit card could be a smart choice, especially if you can pay off the balance before the promotional period ends. We map out every phase of your renovation, ensuring tasks are completed on time and within budget.

It's not just beautiful; it's eco-conscious too!' she shared enthusiastically. Imagine stepping into your kitchen and being greeted by sleek countertops, state-of-the-art appliances, and lighting that makes every inch look like it's out of a magazine. So, if you're looking to break free from the mundane and embrace a home that's tailor-made for you, they're the team to call. Whether you're looking for a modern makeover or a timeless design, we've got you covered. Experienced renovation team Surrey

Once we've got a solid understanding of what you're after, our team crafts a customized design plan. Residents have come to know that when they see the Canyon Property Projects sign, they're in for a service that's both professional and personalized. When you choose us, you're not just getting a renovation service; you're partnering with a team that puts your satisfaction at the forefront of everything we do. Imagine stepping into a home so meticulously renovated that it feels like you've walked into a page from your favorite design magazine; this is the standard Canyon Property Projects Ltd is setting in Home Renovation Company Surrey.

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As we peel back the layers of Canyon Property Projects' success story, you'll discover there's more than meets the eye, inviting you to explore how they've become a pillar in Home Renovation Company Surrey's home renovation scene. Our experience spans across all facets of home renovation, ensuring that your vision comes to life in ways that exceed your expectations. Throughout the renovation, you'll be in constant communication with our project manager, keeping you updated on progress and any adjustments needed along the way. If you've built up equity in your home, this can be a cost-effective way to borrow, often offering lower interest rates than personal loans or credit cards. They keep you in the loop at every stage of the project, ensuring your kitchen remodel meets your exact specifications.

The feedback was overwhelming, with the owner pointing out how the house's value skyrocketed after the renovation. From the initial consultation to the final walkthrough, their approach to project management is designed to put your concerns at ease and bring your vision to life. We're also keen on incorporating energy-efficient fixtures and appliances that save you money in the long run while protecting the environment. Canyon Property Projects deeply values its role in the Home Renovation Company Surrey community, actively participating in local initiatives to strengthen neighborhood bonds and enhance the area's overall well-being.

Clients rave about their experiences, highlighting not just the quality of the work, but the team's commitment to sustainable practices. It's clear they're not just building or renovating homes; they're crafting spaces that homeowners are proud to live in while also respecting the earth.

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They listen to your needs, preferences, and concerns, ensuring that every aspect of the project aligns with your vision. As you delve into what's current, you'll discover that smart home technology integration is no longer just a luxury; it's becoming a staple in modern living.

You've also made significant contributions to local causes and events, further embedding yourselves within the community fabric. Moreover, Canyon Property Projects doesn't stop at materials. From smart appliances that save time and energy to digital assistants that help with recipes and reminders, your kitchen becomes an efficient and enjoyable place to spend time in. Your project could be their next success story, reflecting a perfect blend of aesthetics, functionality, and sustainability.

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As you imagine a future where your home evolves with your lifestyle, Canyon Property Projects offers the first step towards making that vision a reality. We start by listening. You'll notice that our designs emphasize natural light, reducing the need for artificial lighting and further decreasing energy consumption. It's that easy to start transforming your home with Canyon Property Projects. Following the consultation, we'll draft a comprehensive plan, including designs and a clear scope of work, so you know exactly what to expect at every turn.

Lastly, their commitment to quality is unwavering. Whether you're dreaming of a modern, open-plan kitchen or a luxurious, spa-like bathroom, they've got the expertise to bring those dreams to life. We understand that your home is a reflection of you, which is why we're dedicated to not just meeting, but exceeding your renovation expectations. If you're looking to expand your living space, we also handle extensions and loft conversions, providing that much-needed extra room with seamless integration into your existing home layout.

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Let's bring your vision to life with our comprehensive renovation services. From bespoke cabinetry in your kitchen to the intricate tile work in your bathroom, our craftsmanship brings your vision to life with an elegance and durability that lasts. Moreover, integrating technology has never been more seamless. At the helm, we've got Alex Johnson, our visionary founder and lead architect, who's spent over two decades perfecting the art of transforming spaces into bespoke living experiences. Home insulation upgrades

At Canyon Property Projects, we're not just about fresh coats of paint and new fixtures; we're about reimagining your living space with innovations that blend style, efficiency, and sustainability. Lighting also plays a crucial role, with LED strips and under-cabinet options creating ambiance and enhancing functionality.

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We're proud to showcase our work in this format because it reflects our belief in transparency and quality. In today's era, homeowners are increasingly prioritizing sustainable building practices, and Canyon Property Projects consistently meets this demand with eco-friendly solutions.

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Understanding your financing options is crucial when planning your dream home renovation with Canyon Property Projects.

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You're not just updating your space; you're reimagining it to fit your lifestyle perfectly. Hearing directly from satisfied clients, you'll understand why Canyon Property Projects stands out in Home Renovation Company Surrey for top-notch renovation services. Communication is key to our project management strategy.

Financing a renovation can seem daunting, but with the right approach, it's achievable. Like a chef renowned for their signature dishes, Canyon Property Projects has carved out a reputation in Home Renovation Company Surrey as the go-to company for home renovations, blending quality craftsmanship with a personalized touch. Imagine your home in Home Renovation Company Surrey as a diamond in the rough, holding untold potential that only needs the expert touch of Canyon Property Projects to truly shine.

You're kept in the loop with regular updates and clear timelines, making the renovation process as stress-free as possible. We pride ourselves on our ability to listen to your needs and translate them into reality, all while staying within your budget. From the initial design process to the unveiling of innovative solutions by their expert team, they redefine the concept of customization in home renovation.

Canyon Property Projects does just that, with a commitment to excellence that's evident in every job they undertake. From digital blueprints to project tracking apps, we employ tools that allow for precise planning and execution. They'll work closely with you to understand your vision, ensuring that every inch of your home reflects your personality and lifestyle.

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From water-efficient toilets to luxurious rainfall showerheads, they'll help you select the best products that blend form with function. If you're intrigued by the prospect of elevating your home with innovative and thoughtful designs, you'll want to discover more about how Canyon Property Projects Ltd can bring your vision to life. Plumbing upgrades They don't just renovate spaces; they transform them into personalized sanctuaries that reflect who you are. They don't just follow trends; they set them. It's about creating environments that foster well-being and connect neighbors, turning individual houses into cohesive neighborhoods.
Choosing us means investing in a future where home renovations go hand in hand with environmental stewardship. But what sets them apart isn't just their ability to renovate homes-it's their commitment to sustainable building practices and building a legacy within the community. Moreover, modular designs will allow you to reconfigure your space effortlessly as your needs change, making your home truly future-proof. They'll discuss potential designs, materials, and the scope of work in detail, ensuring everything aligns with your expectations.
This layout not only maximizes your space but also fosters a more connected living environment. It's about making your space work better for you in every possible way. Read more about Home Renovation Company Surrey here Turning your dream home into a tangible reality starts with understanding the renovation process and setting clear, achievable goals. Our commitment to transparency means there are no surprises – you'll know what's happening at every stage.
For smaller projects or if you're in need of funds quickly, credit cards might be your go-to. In essence, you've shown that building community trust isn't just a byproduct of doing business; it's a deliberate and integral part of how Canyon Property Projects operates. Whether it's transforming a quaint living space into a modern oasis or revitalizing an old structure to meet contemporary standards, Canyon's success stories are a testament to their competitive pricing and deep community involvement.

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This approach not only lessens your carbon footprint but also cuts down your utility bills, making it a win-win situation.

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Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

[edit]

Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

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A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

Description

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A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

Responsibilities

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A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

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In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

United States and Asia usage

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In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

Prime contractor

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Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

Licensing requirements

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Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

Licensing qualifications

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Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

General contractor example

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A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
  2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
  4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
  5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
  6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
  8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
  9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
  11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
  13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
  14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

Sources

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Frequently Asked Questions

Yes, they can help you get all the necessary permits and navigate local building regulations for your complex renovation projects, ensuring everything's done right and up to code from start to finish.

Yes, they can accommodate renovations for homes with historical significance or under conservation restrictions. They're skilled at blending modern updates while preserving the integrity and character of historically significant properties, ensuring compliance with all relevant regulations.

When they find unexpected issues like structural problems or mold during a renovation, they'll quickly assess the situation, inform you about it, and suggest the best solutions to fix it without compromising the project's integrity.