Home Repair Services Surrey

Home Repair Services Surrey

Home energy audit

Imagine smart homes that adapt to your needs, from energy-saving heating systems to automated lighting, all controlled by your smartphone. You're not just getting a team of contractors; you're partnering with a group of passionate craftsmen dedicated to bringing your dream home to life. Learn more about Home Repair Services Surrey here When you choose Canyon Property Projects for your home renovation in Home Repair Services Surrey, you're opting for a team that prioritizes the health of the planet as much as the transformation of your space. It's not just about meeting your expectations-it's about exceeding them.
Weather, supply chain issues, or discovering unforeseen problems once the walls are opened up can set back your timeline.

Home Repair Services Surrey - Financing options for renovation

  • Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  • Exterior siding replacement
  • Sustainable renovation materials
  • Whole house renovation
  • Project management
  • Surrey custom home upgrades
  • Deck and patio remodeling
  • Sunroom addition
  • Bathroom tile renovation
  • Structural renovation
  • Interior painting
  • Interior remodeling
  • Foundation repair
  • Bathroom renovation
  • Soundproofing renovation
  • Basement finishing
  • Smart home upgrades
  • Kitchen renovation
So, when you choose Canyon Property Projects, you're not just upgrading your home; you're becoming part of a larger story of community enhancement and legacy building. With Canyon Property Projects, you're not just renovating your space; you're creating a personalized oasis tailored to your every desire.
Our outdoor projects focus on drought-resistant landscaping, promoting a greener, more resilient outdoor space. They understand that a bathroom renovation isn't just about aesthetics but also about functionality. Learn more about Canyon Property Projects Ltd. here. That's why we've honed our approach to ensure your project runs smoothly, on time, and within budget.

Home Repair Services Surrey - Financing options for renovation

  1. Foundation repair
  2. Bathroom renovation
  3. Soundproofing renovation
  4. Basement finishing
  5. Smart home upgrades
  6. Kitchen renovation
  7. Home layout redesign
  8. Mudroom design
  9. Surrey renovation project planning
  10. Home improvement services
  11. Crown molding installation
  12. Experienced renovation team Surrey
  13. Closet renovations
  14. Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  15. Living room renovation
  16. Entertainment room renovation
  17. Exterior home renovation
  18. Window replacement
  19. Wall removal services

Our goal is to create spaces that aren't only visually stunning but also functionally advanced. Our aim is to minimize disruptions to your daily life, completing the project efficiently and to the highest quality. Read more about Home Repair Services Surrey here Our team of experts specializes in transforming spaces to reflect your unique style and improve functionality.

Renovation cost estimates

Understanding your financing options is crucial when planning your dream home renovation with Canyon Property Projects. You're not just updating your space; you're reimagining it to fit your lifestyle perfectly. Hearing directly from satisfied clients, you'll understand why Canyon Property Projects stands out in Home Repair Services Surrey for top-notch renovation services. Communication is key to our project management strategy.

Financing a renovation can seem daunting, but with the right approach, it's achievable.

Home Repair Services Surrey - Renovation cost estimates

  • Home energy audit
  • Permit and code compliance
  • Renovation cost estimates
  • Door installation
  • Financing options for renovation
  • Home renovation
  • Attic renovation
  • Home insulation upgrades
  • Kitchen cabinet replacement
  • Aging-in-place renovations
  • Electrical renovations
  • Local home renovators Surrey
  • Energy-efficient renovations
  • Lighting upgrades
  • Plumbing upgrades
Like a chef renowned for their signature dishes, Canyon Property Projects has carved out a reputation in Home Repair Services Surrey as the go-to company for home renovations, blending quality craftsmanship with a personalized touch. Imagine your home in Home Repair Services Surrey as a diamond in the rough, holding untold potential that only needs the expert touch of Canyon Property Projects to truly shine.

You're kept in the loop with regular updates and clear timelines, making the renovation process as stress-free as possible. We pride ourselves on our ability to listen to your needs and translate them into reality, all while staying within your budget. From the initial design process to the unveiling of innovative solutions by their expert team, they redefine the concept of customization in home renovation.

Canyon Property Projects does just that, with a commitment to excellence that's evident in every job they undertake.

Home Repair Services Surrey - Permit and code compliance

  • Interior remodeling
  • Foundation repair
  • Bathroom renovation
  • Soundproofing renovation
  • Basement finishing
  • Smart home upgrades
  • Kitchen renovation
  • Home layout redesign
  • Mudroom design
  • Surrey renovation project planning
  • Home improvement services
  • Crown molding installation
  • Experienced renovation team Surrey
  • Closet renovations
  • Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  • Living room renovation
  • Entertainment room renovation
  • Exterior home renovation
  • Window replacement
  • Wall removal services
From digital blueprints to project tracking apps, we employ tools that allow for precise planning and execution. They'll work closely with you to understand your vision, ensuring that every inch of your home reflects your personality and lifestyle.

Citations and other links

Eco-Friendly Renovation Home Repair Services Surrey

Imagine your kitchen, the heart of the home, redesigned to be both functional and stylish, meeting your culinary needs while impressing guests. Meet our team of seasoned experts who bring your dream home renovations to life with unmatched skill and creativity. They listen intently, ensuring every detail of what you envision is captured. You'll appreciate our transparent communication throughout the process, ensuring you're always in the loop and confident in the progress of your project.

At Canyon Property Projects, we believe that exceptional project management is the backbone of every successful renovation. This isn't just about completing a project; it's about creating a space that feels like a true extension of you and your lifestyle.

Home Repair Services Surrey - Home renovation

  • Garage conversion
  • Home improvement ideas Surrey
  • Home theater installation
  • Landscaping and hardscaping
  • Roofing and gutters
  • Home remodeling consultation
  • Full-service renovation Surrey
  • Bedroom remodeling
  • Best renovation experts Surrey
  • Open concept renovation
  • Backsplash installation
  • Modern home renovation Surrey
  • Baseboard and trim renovation
  • House remodeling experts
  • Hardwood floor refinishing
  • Luxury home remodeling Surrey
  • Porch renovation
  • Tile installation services
By choosing Canyon Property Projects, you're choosing a partner dedicated to not just achieving, but exceeding your renovation dreams.

But it's not all about the end product. This means you're always in the loop, able to make informed decisions quickly. You're standing at the threshold of transforming your living space into a reflection of your unique tastes and lifestyle needs.

Earning the confidence of the local community stands as a cornerstone of Canyon Property Projects' success. Transforming your kitchen with these innovative ideas doesn't just elevate your home; it changes how you live in it. You're involved in every step, from selecting materials to finalizing designs.

Eco-Friendly Renovation Home Repair Services Surrey
Custom Renovation Home Repair Services Surrey

Custom Renovation Home Repair Services Surrey

Let Canyon Property Projects guide you through a full-scale renovation that turns your current house into the dream home you've always wanted. One key error is underestimating your budget.

Home Repair Services Surrey - Garage conversion

  1. Home addition services
  2. Custom cabinetry
  3. Flooring installation
  4. Green home remodeling
  5. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  6. Exterior siding replacement
  7. Sustainable renovation materials
  8. Whole house renovation
  9. Project management
  10. Surrey custom home upgrades
  11. Deck and patio remodeling
  12. Sunroom addition
  13. Bathroom tile renovation
  14. Structural renovation
  15. Interior painting
  16. Interior remodeling
Our commitment to excellence extends beyond the aesthetics, focusing on functionality and durability. Home improvement ideas Surrey You'll find that smart storage solutions are a key focus, turning cluttered counters into sleek, usable spaces. They're available from 8 AM to 6 PM, Monday through Friday, ensuring you can discuss your project without having to rearrange your day.

Imagine controlling your home's lighting, security, and climate with just a few taps on your smartphone. Our skilled craftsmen take pride in their work, paying close attention to every detail to ensure the final product is nothing short of perfection.

Home Repair Services Surrey - Renovation cost estimates

  1. Hardwood floor refinishing
  2. Luxury home remodeling Surrey
  3. Porch renovation
  4. Tile installation services
  5. Residential remodeling
  6. Home addition services
  7. Custom cabinetry
  8. Flooring installation
  9. Green home remodeling
  10. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  11. Exterior siding replacement
  12. Sustainable renovation materials
  13. Whole house renovation
  14. Project management
  15. Surrey custom home upgrades
  16. Deck and patio remodeling
  17. Sunroom addition
  18. Bathroom tile renovation
  19. Structural renovation
  20. Interior painting
We've committed to reducing waste, conserving energy, and utilizing renewable resources wherever possible. Their expert project management ensures that your renovation journey is a positive, fulfilling experience from start to finish. Aging-in-place renovations

Let's transform your house into the dream home you've always wanted. Moreover, Canyon Property Projects Ltd prioritizes recycling and minimizing waste during your renovation. Canyon Property Projects Ltd's commitment to personalized design solutions means your renovated home won't just be functional and beautiful. Let's explore together how Canyon Property Projects could be the missing piece in turning your property dreams into reality.

Upon completion, they ensure everything is perfect, down to the last detail. This transparency builds trust and ensures the final outcome aligns with your expectations. Building on our commitment to quality and tailored solutions, we've expanded our service offerings to meet even more of your home renovation needs. From the initial consultation to the final walkthrough, we're with you every step of the way.

Home Repair Services Surrey Renovation Specialists

This open line ensures that any hiccups are swiftly addressed, keeping the project on track. You've got a vision, and we've got the roadmap to bring it to life. This isn't a one-size-fits-all approach. Properly insulating your home means your heating and cooling systems don't have to work as hard, saving energy and money in the long run.

They go deeper, sourcing materials that are both sustainable and locally available, cutting down on transportation emissions and supporting the local economy. Instead, you're investing in quality workmanship that stands the test of time. Your dream home is within reach, and they're here to guide you every step of the way.

That's why we kick things off with a deep dive into your ideas and aspirations. They recognize that your home is more than just a place to live; it's a reflection of your personality and a space where memories are made.

Home Repair Services Surrey - Lighting upgrades

  1. Interior remodeling
  2. Foundation repair
  3. Bathroom renovation
  4. Soundproofing renovation
  5. Basement finishing
  6. Smart home upgrades
  7. Kitchen renovation
  8. Home layout redesign
  9. Mudroom design
  10. Surrey renovation project planning
  11. Home improvement services
  12. Crown molding installation
  13. Experienced renovation team Surrey
  14. Closet renovations
  15. Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  16. Living room renovation
  17. Entertainment room renovation
  18. Exterior home renovation
  19. Window replacement
  20. Wall removal services
We pride ourselves on a meticulous approach to planning and execution.

But it's not just about ticking boxes; it's about quality. We understand that your time and budget are precious. Let these images inspire your next home project and imagine the possibilities.



Home Repair Services Surrey - Financing options for renovation

  • Surrey home renovation company
  • Accessible home design
  • Exterior painting
  • Basement waterproofing
  • Eco-friendly renovations
  • Drywall installation and repair
  • Fence and gate installation
  • Soaking tub installation
  • Surrey heritage home restoration
  • Lighting upgrades
  • Plumbing upgrades
  • Garage conversion
  • Home improvement ideas Surrey
  • Home theater installation
  • Landscaping and hardscaping
  • Roofing and gutters
Home Repair Services Surrey Renovation Specialists
Budget Renovation Solutions Home Repair Services Surrey
Budget Renovation Solutions Home Repair Services Surrey

We don't stop at materials, though. One homeowner shares, 'They transformed our kitchen while sticking to green materials. We'll keep you in the loop at every stage, from initial demolition to the final touches. You're not just another job to them; you're a partner in the process, and your happiness with the end result is paramount.

Home Repair Services Surrey - Permit and code compliance

  1. Surrey home renovation company
  2. Accessible home design
  3. Exterior painting
  4. Basement waterproofing
  5. Eco-friendly renovations
  6. Drywall installation and repair
  7. Fence and gate installation
  8. Soaking tub installation
  9. Surrey heritage home restoration
  10. Aging-in-place renovations
  11. Electrical renovations
  12. Local home renovators Surrey
  13. Energy-efficient renovations
  14. Lighting upgrades
  15. Plumbing upgrades
  16. Garage conversion
  17. Home improvement ideas Surrey
  18. Home theater installation
  19. Landscaping and hardscaping


This collaborative process ensures the final outcome not only meets but exceeds your expectations. By staying ahead of industry trends and employing innovative solutions, they ensure your project not only meets but surpasses modern standards.

Home Repair Services Surrey - Local home renovators Surrey

  1. Home remodeling consultation
  2. Full-service renovation Surrey
  3. Bedroom remodeling
  4. Best renovation experts Surrey
  5. Open concept renovation
  6. Backsplash installation
  7. Modern home renovation Surrey
  8. Baseboard and trim renovation
  9. House remodeling experts
  10. Hardwood floor refinishing
  11. Luxury home remodeling Surrey
  12. Porch renovation
  13. Tile installation services
  14. Residential remodeling
  15. Home addition services
  16. Custom cabinetry
  17. Flooring installation
  18. Green home remodeling
We're not satisfied until every element of your renovation meets our rigorous standards and exceeds your expectations.

Water conservation is also a key focus, with options for low-flow fixtures and rainwater harvesting systems that can significantly reduce your household's water footprint. Financing options for renovation Engaging with them on these platforms can also be a great way to start a conversation about your renovation needs. Then there's the case of a small, cramped kitchen in a semi-detached house that we transformed into a spacious, light-filled space with high-end finishes.

Home Repair Services Surrey - Home improvement ideas Surrey

  1. Home layout redesign
  2. Mudroom design
  3. Surrey renovation project planning
  4. Home improvement services
  5. Crown molding installation
  6. Experienced renovation team Surrey
  7. Closet renovations
  8. Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  9. Living room renovation
  10. Entertainment room renovation
  11. Exterior home renovation
  12. Window replacement
  13. Wall removal services
  14. Surrey home renovation company
  15. Accessible home design
  16. Exterior painting
  17. Basement waterproofing


We listen carefully to your ideas and concerns, ensuring that communication remains open and consistent throughout the project. Take your time to design a comprehensive plan with Canyon Property Projects, considering every aspect of the renovation, from materials to timelines. They're not just about renovating homes; they're about building a stronger, more connected community.

Kitchen Improvement Home Repair Services Surrey

Firstly, visit their website to fill out a contact form. Transparency is key, so you'll never be left in the dark about the progress of your renovation.

Home Repair Services Surrey - Garage conversion

  • Local home renovators Surrey
  • Energy-efficient renovations
  • Lighting upgrades
  • Plumbing upgrades
  • Garage conversion
  • Home improvement ideas Surrey
  • Home theater installation
  • Landscaping and hardscaping
  • Roofing and gutters
  • Home remodeling consultation
  • Full-service renovation Surrey
  • Bedroom remodeling
  • Best renovation experts Surrey
  • Open concept renovation
  • Backsplash installation
  • Modern home renovation Surrey
  • Baseboard and trim renovation
  • House remodeling experts
They're not just about making your space look new; they're focused on making it work better for you. Now that we've explored your financing options, let's tackle the challenges you might face during your home renovation project with Canyon Property Projects.
They'll keep you informed from start to finish, ensuring there are no surprises. They're not satisfied until you're looking at your newly renovated space with complete satisfaction. Whether it's sponsoring a local sports team or participating in city clean-up efforts, your actions have spoken louder than words.
We're looking for anything that might affect the renovation, from structural issues to potential enhancements. When you embark on a renovation journey with them, you're not just getting a service; you're becoming part of a process that prioritizes your vision, comfort, and satisfaction above all else. You'll find more homes being renovated with recycled materials, renewable resources, and products that have a minimal impact on the environment.
Initially, you'll sit down with their design team to share your vision, needs, and the unique characteristics of your space. Hearing directly from satisfied customers, you'll quickly realize why Canyon Property is the go-to choice for eco-conscious home renovations in Home Repair Services Surrey. In addition, the designs will focus on maximizing space and enhancing natural light, making your home feel more open and connected to the outdoors.

Explore Home Repair Services Surrey here
Kitchen Improvement Home Repair Services Surrey

A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

Description

[edit]

A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

Responsibilities

[edit]

A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

United States and Asia usage

[edit]

In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

Prime contractor

[edit]

Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

Licensing requirements

[edit]

Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

Licensing qualifications

[edit]

Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

General contractor example

[edit]

A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
  2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
  4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
  5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
  6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
  8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
  9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
  11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
  13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
  14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

Sources

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

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Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

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Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

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Frequently Asked Questions

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