Home Makeover Surrey

Home Makeover Surrey

Full-service renovation Surrey

Understanding your project's unique demands, Canyon Property Projects implements a tailored project management approach to ensure your renovation dreams are realized efficiently and effectively.

Home Makeover Surrey - Baseboard and trim renovation

  1. Outdoor kitchen installation
  2. Smart home upgrades
  3. Home addition services
  4. Flooring installation
  5. Accessible home design
  6. Kitchen cabinet replacement
  7. Permit and code compliance
  8. Green home remodeling
  9. Electrical renovations
  10. Plumbing upgrades
  11. Trusted renovation contractors Surrey
  12. Soaking tub installation
  13. Energy-efficient renovations
  14. Garage renovation
  15. Whole house renovation
With Canyon Property Projects, you're not just renovating your space; you're creating a personalized oasis tailored to your every desire. After reimagining your kitchen, consider how a full-scale renovation by Canyon Property Projects can transform your entire home into a masterpiece of design and comfort. They're not just contractors; they're community members dedicated to enhancing the places they live and work in. Learn more about Home Makeover Surrey here Choosing Canyon Property Projects means partnering with a team that's dedicated to quality, innovation, and customer satisfaction.
Canyon Property Projects stands out in this crowded market, not just for their unmatched service quality but for a comprehensive suite of renovation offerings tailored to meet a diverse range of needs. This initial contact is your opportunity to discuss your vision, the scope of your project, and any specific requirements or challenges you foresee. Whether you're dreaming of an open-plan layout or a sophisticated entertainment area, they're equipped to bring those visions to reality. Another option is a personal loan.
We understand that your home is your sanctuary, and it's why we approach every project with a meticulous attention to detail, from the initial design phase to the final touches. Learn more about Home Renovation Surrey here. They don't just renovate spaces; they transform them into personalized sanctuaries that reflect who you are. Surrey heritage home restoration When you partner with us, you'll have access to a comprehensive range of home renovation services designed to meet every need and exceed your expectations. Let's transform your space into the home of your dreams, where every detail reflects your personal style and meets your everyday needs.
They use only the best materials and employ skilled craftsmen who are passionate about their work. If you're intrigued by the prospect of elevating your home with innovative and thoughtful designs, you'll want to discover more about how Canyon Property Projects Ltd can bring your vision to life. This flexibility means you won't have to put off your renovation dreams due to a tight schedule. You'll see homes that not only look better but also function more efficiently, saving you money and reducing your carbon footprint.

With their suite of renovation services, you're not just upgrading your space; you're redefining your living experience. Whether you're dreaming of a modern kitchen makeover, an expansive new living area, or a luxurious bathroom upgrade, we've got the expertise to bring your vision to life. Lastly, don't overlook government loans or grants, especially if your project includes energy-efficient upgrades.

Home Makeover Surrey - Home renovation

  • Green home remodeling
  • Electrical renovations
  • Plumbing upgrades
  • Trusted renovation contractors Surrey
  • Soaking tub installation
  • Energy-efficient renovations
  • Garage renovation
  • Whole house renovation
  • Landscaping and hardscaping
  • Closet renovations
  • Interior painting
  • Home office renovation
  • Painting and wall finishes
  • Entertainment room renovation
  • Home energy audit
  • Custom design-build services
They stand out in the crowded market for several compelling reasons.

Firstly, visit their website to fill out a contact form. Imagine controlling lighting, temperature, and security with a simple voice command or a tap on your smartphone. Our goal is to transform your home without the stress, turning what could be an overwhelming process into an exciting adventure.

They also use 3D modeling software, giving you a virtual tour of your future home before the first hammer swings. First, reach out to Canyon Property Projects through their website or give them a call. One homeowner couldn't believe the transformation, saying, 'Canyon Property Projects turned our outdated kitchen into a modern masterpiece. Home remodeling consultation

This means fewer delays, unexpected costs, and overall, a smoother experience for you. In today's era, homeowners are increasingly prioritizing sustainable building practices, and Canyon Property Projects consistently meets this demand with eco-friendly solutions. Local home renovators Surrey This means you can seamlessly blend the inside and outside of your home, creating a cohesive look that's both beautiful and functional.

Citations and other links

Home Transformation Services Home Makeover Surrey

Trust us to transform your home with custom solutions that blend beauty, functionality, and durability. She's got an eye for aesthetics that's unmatched, blending colors, textures, and lighting to create spaces that aren't just beautiful but feel like they're truly yours. We're committed to not just meeting, but exceeding your expectations, ensuring that every detail, no matter how small, is perfect. Trust them to not just renovate your house, but to transform it into a home that reflects your personality and meets your evolving needs.
Water conservation is another cornerstone of our sustainable practices. Moreover, materials used in renovations will lean heavily towards sustainability. They used sustainable materials that reduced our carbon footprint and still delivered top-notch quality.

Home Makeover Surrey - Roofing and gutters

  • Entertainment room renovation
  • Home energy audit
  • Custom design-build services
  • Surrey home renovation company
  • Sunroom addition
  • Crown molding installation
  • Countertop installation
  • Built-in storage solutions
  • Laundry room renovation
  • Walk-in shower installation
  • Bedroom remodeling
  • House remodeling experts
  • Door installation
  • Eco-friendly renovations
  • Surrey heritage home restoration

This isn't a one-size-fits-all approach. Open concept renovation Read more about Home Makeover Surrey here With custom renovations, your home becomes a true reflection of who you are, designed for how you live. In essence, they make sure your investment in your home pays off, both in terms of enjoyment and future resale value.
Financing a renovation can seem daunting, but with the right approach, it's achievable. After crafting your personalized design, our focus shifts to expert project management to ensure your renovation unfolds seamlessly. Instead, it adds a unique charm and story to your home, all while reducing waste.

Home Makeover Surrey - Financing options for renovation

  1. Countertop installation
  2. Built-in storage solutions
  3. Laundry room renovation
  4. Walk-in shower installation
  5. Bedroom remodeling
  6. House remodeling experts
  7. Door installation
  8. Eco-friendly renovations
  9. Roofing and gutters
  10. Exterior siding replacement
  11. Mudroom design
  12. Local home renovators Surrey
  13. Home renovation
  14. Staircase renovation
  15. Open concept renovation
  16. Financing options for renovation
  17. Baseboard and trim renovation
  18. Surrey custom home upgrades
  19. Luxury home remodeling Surrey
  20. Surrey renovation project planning

Home Transformation Services Home Makeover Surrey
Local Home Renovation Home Makeover Surrey

Local Home Renovation Home Makeover Surrey

You're kept in the loop with regular updates and clear timelines, making the renovation process as stress-free as possible.

Home Makeover Surrey - Affordable home remodeling Surrey

  1. Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  2. Porch renovation
  3. Tile installation services
  4. Experienced renovation team Surrey
  5. Home improvement ideas Surrey
  6. Basement finishing
  7. Attic renovation
  8. Project management
  9. Garage conversion
  10. Outdoor kitchen installation
  11. Smart home upgrades
  12. Home addition services
  13. Flooring installation
  14. Accessible home design
  15. Kitchen cabinet replacement
  16. Permit and code compliance
  17. Green home remodeling
  18. Electrical renovations
Now, you're not just getting the exceptional craftsmanship and personalized attention you've come to expect from us; you're also getting a wider array of services to transform your home into the haven you've always dreamed of. That's why they're dedicated to creating environments that not only meet your practical needs but also reflect your personal style and comfort.

Home Makeover Surrey - Mudroom design

  1. Living room renovation
  2. Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  3. Porch renovation
  4. Tile installation services
  5. Experienced renovation team Surrey
  6. Home improvement ideas Surrey
  7. Basement finishing
  8. Attic renovation
  9. Project management
  10. Garage conversion
  11. Outdoor kitchen installation
  12. Smart home upgrades
  13. Home addition services
  14. Flooring installation
  15. Accessible home design
  16. Kitchen cabinet replacement
  17. Permit and code compliance
It's all about understanding your vision, so don't hold back. They don't require home equity and approval comes quickly, but they often carry higher interest rates.

Home Makeover Surrey - Exterior siding replacement

  1. Home office renovation
  2. Painting and wall finishes
  3. Entertainment room renovation
  4. Home energy audit
  5. Custom design-build services
  6. Surrey home renovation company
  7. Sunroom addition
  8. Crown molding installation
  9. Countertop installation
  10. Built-in storage solutions
  11. Laundry room renovation
  12. Walk-in shower installation
  13. Bedroom remodeling
  14. House remodeling experts
  15. Door installation
  16. Eco-friendly renovations
  17. Open concept renovation


Home Makeover Surrey Bathroom Upgrade Experts

Their team didn't just meet our expectations; they exceeded them, ensuring every detail reflected our personal style while emphasizing sustainability.'Mike and Jenna R. recount, 'We were impressed with how Canyon Property Projects managed our home addition.

Home Makeover Surrey - Home renovation

  1. Plumbing upgrades
  2. Trusted renovation contractors Surrey
  3. Soaking tub installation
  4. Energy-efficient renovations
  5. Garage renovation
  6. Whole house renovation
  7. Landscaping and hardscaping
  8. Closet renovations
  9. Interior painting
  10. Home office renovation
  11. Painting and wall finishes
  12. Entertainment room renovation
  13. Home energy audit
  14. Custom design-build services
  15. Surrey home renovation company
  16. Sunroom addition
  17. Crown molding installation
You'll see a plethora of projects ranging from cozy kitchen remodels to expansive backyard makeovers. Your space isn't just renovated; it's reborn, reflecting your unique style and needs.

Home Makeover Surrey - Fence and gate installation

  • Surrey home renovation company
  • Sunroom addition
  • Crown molding installation
  • Countertop installation
  • Built-in storage solutions
  • Laundry room renovation
  • Walk-in shower installation
  • Bedroom remodeling
  • House remodeling experts
  • Door installation
  • Eco-friendly renovations
  • Local home renovators Surrey
  • Home renovation
  • Staircase renovation
  • Open concept renovation
  • Financing options for renovation
  • Baseboard and trim renovation
As we move into the construction phase, you're kept in the loop with regular updates and progress reports. But it's not just about ticking boxes; it's about quality.

Their team is a blend of seasoned professionals, each bringing a wealth of experience and a keen eye for detail to your project. They understand that you've got expectations and constraints, and they're committed to delivering your project on time and within your financial plan. Firstly, consider a home equity loan or line of credit. Next, they'll conduct a thorough assessment of your property to understand its potential and limitations.

As you seek to transform your living space, you'll find their unmatched expertise and wide range of services tailor-made for your renovation dreams. When you choose Canyon Property Projects for your home renovation in Home Makeover Surrey, you're opting for a team that prioritizes the health of the planet as much as the transformation of your space. Like a chef renowned for their signature dishes, Canyon Property Projects has carved out a reputation in Home Makeover Surrey as the go-to company for home renovations, blending quality craftsmanship with a personalized touch. You'll find that their commitment to enhancing the local community reflects in the quality and care they put into every renovation project.

The owners were thrilled, not just with the aesthetic upgrade but also with how we managed to reduce their energy bills significantly. Getting started with them is straightforward and designed to align with your specific needs from the outset. Instead, you're investing in quality workmanship that stands the test of time. This means your renovation can help protect the planet while also giving you a modern, eco-friendly home.

Home Makeover Surrey Bathroom Upgrade Experts
Home Makeover Surrey Kitchen Refacing Services
Home Makeover Surrey Kitchen Refacing Services

We've embraced solar energy solutions, incorporating solar panels and eco-friendly lighting fixtures to decrease your carbon footprint. You've consistently gone above and beyond to ensure your projects not only meet but exceed expectations. Deciding on Canyon Property Projects for your home renovation means choosing a partner committed to bringing your vision to life with excellence and precision. You've set the standard for transparency and reliability in Home Makeover Surrey's competitive housing market.

Embarking on your renovation journey, you'll first engage in a detailed consultation to align our vision with your dreams. Another client mentioned, 'The communication was top-notch. Whether it's integrating hidden storage spaces in unexpected places or installing advanced lighting systems that adapt to your mood and the time of day, we're here to ensure your home renovation is as unique as you are.

We also navigate the complexities of planning and permits, making the process as seamless as possible. It's not just beautiful; it's eco-conscious too!' she shared enthusiastically. Their involvement goes beyond mere financial support; they're often seen rolling up their sleeves and getting involved at the ground level.

Regular updates keep you in the loop, ensuring the project stays on track and within budget. It's not just about delivering on time and budget; it's about adding value that you hadn't even considered.

Home Makeover Surrey - Affordable home remodeling Surrey

  1. Full-service renovation Surrey
  2. Home remodeling consultation
  3. Fence and gate installation
  4. Wall removal services
  5. Surrey heritage home restoration
  6. Bathroom renovation
  7. Window replacement
  8. Affordable home remodeling Surrey
  9. Roofing and gutters
  10. Exterior siding replacement
  11. Mudroom design
  12. Local home renovators Surrey
  13. Home renovation
  14. Staircase renovation
  15. Open concept renovation
  16. Financing options for renovation
  17. Baseboard and trim renovation
  18. Surrey custom home upgrades
  19. Luxury home remodeling Surrey
The attention to detail is evident in every project, showcasing how personalized touches can truly make a space feel like home.

House Restoration Experts Home Makeover Surrey

It's all about enhancing convenience and efficiency in your daily life. At Canyon Property Projects, you'll find just that-a group of experienced workers whose expertise spans across every aspect of home renovation. Their team of skilled artisans and craftsmen start transforming your space, while keeping you in the loop at every stage. From initial design consultation to the final touches, we're with you every step of the way.
This initial step ensures we understand your expectations, budget, and timeline, setting the stage for a seamless renovation process. You'll receive a clear outline of the work to be done, materials needed, and a projected timeline.

Home Makeover Surrey - Surrey heritage home restoration

  1. Flooring installation
  2. Accessible home design
  3. Kitchen cabinet replacement
  4. Permit and code compliance
  5. Green home remodeling
  6. Electrical renovations
  7. Plumbing upgrades
  8. Trusted renovation contractors Surrey
  9. Soaking tub installation
  10. Energy-efficient renovations
  11. Garage renovation
  12. Whole house renovation
  13. Landscaping and hardscaping
  14. Closet renovations
  15. Interior painting
Choosing custom renovations means you're involved in the decision-making process from start to finish.

Home Makeover Surrey - Home remodeling consultation

  1. Kitchen cabinet replacement
  2. Permit and code compliance
  3. Green home remodeling
  4. Electrical renovations
  5. Plumbing upgrades
  6. Trusted renovation contractors Surrey
  7. Soaking tub installation
  8. Energy-efficient renovations
  9. Garage renovation
  10. Whole house renovation
  11. Landscaping and hardscaping
  12. Closet renovations
  13. Interior painting
  14. Home office renovation
  15. Painting and wall finishes

Whether you're looking to update your kitchen, transform your bathroom, or renovate your entire home, we've got the skills and experience to make it happen. At Canyon Property Projects, we don't just build spaces; we create environments that you'll love for years to come. Moreover, communication is at the heart of their approach. Baseboard and trim renovation
That's why they're committed to transforming your ideas into reality, ensuring that every corner of your home speaks to who you are. After exploring the potential transformations in our Before and After Gallery, you might wonder how to finance your own renovation project. Initially, you'll sit down with their design team to share your vision, needs, and the unique characteristics of your space.

Explore Home Makeover Surrey here
House Restoration Experts Home Makeover Surrey

A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

Description

[edit]

A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

Responsibilities

[edit]

A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

United States and Asia usage

[edit]

In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

Prime contractor

[edit]

Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

Licensing requirements

[edit]

Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

Licensing qualifications

[edit]

Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

General contractor example

[edit]

A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
  2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
  4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
  5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
  6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
  8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
  9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
  11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
  13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
  14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

Sources

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

[edit]

Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

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