Interior Renovation Surrey

Interior Renovation Surrey

Aging-in-place renovations

You're not just updating your space; you're reimagining it to fit your lifestyle perfectly. Think solar tiles that blend with your roof while powering your home, or biophilic designs that bring nature indoors, improving air quality and your overall well-being. They recognize that your home is more than just a place to live; it's a reflection of your personality and a space where memories are made. Learn more about Interior Renovation Surrey here Our project managers are seasoned experts, each with a deep understanding of both the technical and human elements of home renovation.
They kept us in the loop at every stage, ensuring our vision was realized sustainably.' Learn more about Home Renovation Surrey here. It's clear that Canyon Property doesn't just deliver on their promises; they exceed expectations, marrying customer satisfaction with ecological integrity.

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John and Lisa G. echoed similar sentiments. 'We were worried about the renovation process, but Canyon Property Projects made it seamless.

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They're ready to listen to your ideas, needs, and the dreams you have for your space.
Each option has its pros and cons, so it's about finding the right fit for your project and financial situation. So, if you're looking for a renovation partner who truly understands your vision and is dedicated to making it a reality, you've found them in Canyon Property. The process is straightforward and designed to ensure your experience is as seamless and stress-free as possible.

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  6. Toilet installation
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  14. Plumbing upgrades
  15. Soundproofing renovation

Emma, a recent client, added, 'Their communication throughout the process was outstanding. Imagine your kitchen, the heart of the home, redesigned to be both functional and stylish, meeting your culinary needs while impressing guests. Communication is key to our project management strategy.

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You're likely seeking a partner that combines a unique renovation approach with tailored design solutions, and that's precisely where Canyon stands out. Their expert project management ensures that your renovation journey is a positive, fulfilling experience from start to finish. Your project manager will guide you through each choice, ensuring you're aware of the most sustainable options available.

Interior Renovation Surrey - Basement finishing

  • Aging-in-place renovations
  • Permit and code compliance
  • Home gym remodeling
  • Toilet installation
  • Door installation
  • Exterior painting
  • Residential remodeling
  • Lighting upgrades
  • Fireplace remodeling
  • Basement finishing
  • Modern home renovation Surrey
  • Plumbing upgrades
  • Soundproofing renovation
  • Kitchen renovation
  • Closet renovations
  • Open concept renovation
  • Luxury home remodeling Surrey
  • Kitchen cabinet replacement
  • Flooring installation
  • Custom home remodeling
Canyon Property Projects does just that, with a commitment to excellence that's evident in every job they undertake. When you're considering us for your project, you're not just getting a contractor; you're partnering with a team that listens.

We keep you in the loop from start to finish, providing regular updates and being available to answer any questions you might have. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. excels in breaking down the complexity of home renovations into manageable steps that align with your vision and budget. At Canyon Property Projects, we're committed to integrating sustainable practices into every renovation, ensuring your project not only looks great but also benefits the environment. Modern home renovation Surrey We don't just consider the aesthetics; we think about how you'll move through your spaces, how each room connects, and how light interacts with your surroundings.

Whether you're dreaming of a minimalist kitchen, a spa-like bathroom, or a vibrant living space, we're here to bring those visions to life.

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You've also made significant contributions to local causes and events, further embedding yourselves within the community fabric. From custom cabinetry and countertops in the kitchen to tile work and fixtures in the bathroom, we ensure every detail aligns with your vision. Moreover, integrating technology has never been more seamless.

They finished ahead of schedule, and the results were beyond our dreams,' they shared. Canyon Property Projects Ltd. doesn't just renovate homes; they build dreams. This expansion offers you a unique opportunity to explore custom renovation solutions and innovative design approaches tailored to breathe new life into your home. Whether you're dreaming of a serene, spa-like bathroom retreat or a vibrant, open-plan kitchen that becomes the heart of your home, they've got the expertise to make it happen.

Citations and other links

Modern Home Remodeling Interior Renovation Surrey

But it doesn't stop at the interior. You're not just picking a service; you're opting for a seamless experience that values your time, investment, and trust. You'll always know where your project stands, thanks to regular updates and easy access to your project manager. Clients rave about their experiences, highlighting not just the quality of the work, but the team's commitment to sustainable practices. Toilet installation

He's not just about the big picture; Alex dives into the details, ensuring every corner of your home reflects your personal style and functional needs. They plan meticulously to ensure materials are used efficiently, and what can't be used gets recycled, ensuring as little as possible ends up in the landfill. You're not just hiring a company; you're partnering with a collective of experts who've been handpicked for their specific skills.

Some programs offer favorable terms or rebates for improvements that increase your home's energy efficiency. This on-site consultation is crucial. Canyon's team was professional, efficient, and their attention to detail was remarkable.' It's feedback like Sarah's that highlights the dedication and quality Canyon Property Projects brings to every project.

That's why we've honed our approach to ensure your project runs smoothly, on time, and within budget. This dedication to community involvement not only enriches the neighborhood but also builds trust and establishes a deeper connection with the residents. Soundproofing renovation Next up, meet Maria Gonzalez, our interior design guru.

Modern Home Remodeling Interior Renovation Surrey
House Restoration Specialists Interior Renovation Surrey

House Restoration Specialists Interior Renovation Surrey

They're committed to keeping you in the loop, ensuring that your project stays on track, within budget, and is completed to your satisfaction. By staying ahead of industry trends and employing innovative solutions, they ensure your project not only meets but surpasses modern standards. You'll find more homes being renovated with recycled materials, renewable resources, and products that have a minimal impact on the environment. They're not just renovators; they're your neighbors, committed to enhancing the community one project at a time. You're involved in every step, from selecting materials to finalizing designs.

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  13. Plumbing upgrades
  14. Soundproofing renovation
  15. Kitchen renovation
  16. Closet renovations
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Plus, they offer detailed quotes that break down all aspects of your project, so you know exactly where your money is going. You'll receive regular updates and have direct access to your project manager, who'll be more than happy to address any concerns or adjustments you might've in mind. Whether you're entertaining guests or spending quality time with family, an open concept can transform the way you interact within your home. This could be anything from a complete home makeover to more targeted updates in areas like your kitchen or bathroom.

Once you give the green light, the magic begins. You can trust them to handle every detail with precision, from securing the necessary permits to coordinating with skilled tradespeople.

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Our team specializes in custom renovations, ensuring each project is tailored to meet your specific needs and preferences. While DIY projects may seem cost-effective, they can lead to costly errors.

Their meticulous attention to detail and commitment to customer satisfaction set them apart. Fireplace remodeling They even offer painting, flooring, and wall treatments to ensure every corner of your room reflects your personal style. Choosing Canyon Property Projects means you're opting for a hassle-free renovation journey. The glowing testimonials from satisfied clients might make you wonder about the magic they can work on your property.

Interior Renovation Surrey Home Renovation And Design

Our team then crafts a design plan tailored just for you, incorporating your feedback and preferences at every step. They listen intently, ensuring every detail of what you envision is captured. You'll find that their approach to sustainability isn't a one-size-fits-all.

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Moreover, Canyon Property Projects is committed to incorporating sustainable solutions that save water and energy, proving that beauty and efficiency can go hand in hand.

They strive to complete projects on time and within budget, minimizing disruptions to your daily routine. Jack's hands-on approach guarantees that every renovation isn't just visually stunning but built to last, marrying craftsmanship with eco-friendly practices. You'll find our approach combines innovative solutions with time-tested techniques, ensuring your space not only looks fantastic but also serves you well for years to come.

At Canyon Property, we've built our reputation on delivering high-quality home renovations tailored to each client's unique needs. You've got a vision, and we've got the tools and techniques to bring it to life, from smart home integrations that offer control at your fingertips to eco-friendly materials that reduce your carbon footprint without compromising on aesthetics. You'll find their team proactive in identifying potential issues before they become problems, saving you time and money.

You're not just hiring a team; you're partnering with professionals who bring years of experience and a passion for excellence to every project. Understanding your home's unique character, we tailor our renovation solutions to perfectly match your vision and needs.

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Then, the actual renovation kicks off.

Interior Renovation Surrey Home Renovation And Design
Interior Renovation Surrey Bathroom Layout Redesign
Interior Renovation Surrey Bathroom Layout Redesign

From the initial design process to the unveiling of innovative solutions by their expert team, they redefine the concept of customization in home renovation. Plumbing upgrades They were professional, timely, and the attention to detail was incredible.' This sentiment echoes across numerous testimonials, where clients praise the team's professionalism, reliability, and exceptional craftsmanship. They regularly post updates on completed projects and customer testimonials, giving you a deeper insight into their work ethic and results. Reaching out to Canyon Property Projects is the first step towards transforming your home. They then use this insight to create a customized design plan that not only meets but exceeds your expectations. Residential remodeling

This approach not only keeps your home organized but also allows for easy transitions between different uses of a space. Canyon Property Projects Ltd extends its services to the outdoors, offering landscaping, deck building, and exterior renovations. Just as a single stone can start an avalanche, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. has initiated a seismic shift in Interior Renovation Surrey's home renovation landscape. Lastly, government loans or grants could be available, especially if your project includes energy-efficient upgrades.

Understanding that every client's needs are unique, we prioritize a personalized approach in all our renovation projects. That's why we're dedicated to offering custom renovation solutions that align with your specific desires and requirements. Whether it's sponsoring a local sports team or participating in city clean-up efforts, your actions have spoken louder than words. They're also keen on energy efficiency, installing LED lighting, high-efficiency heating systems, and double-glazed windows to keep your home warm in winter and cool in summer, slashing your energy bills and reducing your carbon footprint.

Now, you might wonder what sets them apart in a market teeming with options. After this meeting, they'll provide a detailed proposal, outlining the scope of work, timelines, and estimated costs. These elements not only benefit the environment but can also save you money in the long run. These stories are just a glimpse of what we've accomplished.

Interior Renovation Surrey Renovation Specialists

This dynamic method ensures that the end result isn't just what you asked for; it's more than you imagined. We strive to minimize this impact by maintaining a tidy work site, adhering to agreed-upon work hours, and keeping open lines of communication so you're never left wondering what's happening next. Understanding the financial constraints and diverse needs of Interior Renovation Surrey homeowners, they've structured their pricing to be as competitive and transparent as possible. It's not just about the before and after; it's about understanding the journey between.

Interior Renovation Surrey - Kitchen renovation

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Basement finishing
We're here to navigate the complexities of sourcing the right components that embody your style and meet functional needs. Following the consultation, we'll draft a comprehensive plan, including designs and a clear scope of work, so you know exactly what to expect at every turn. They keep you in the loop at every stage of the project, ensuring your kitchen remodel meets your exact specifications.
With Canyon Property Projects Ltd., your renovation journey is as distinctive as your home. Read more about Interior Renovation Surrey here You'll find that their testimonials reflect not just satisfaction but genuine appreciation for the work done. Moreover, we're committed to using high-quality materials and the latest techniques to guarantee that your renovation stands the test of time.
Their mastery in turning the ordinary into the extraordinary is not just about the skillful hands at work but also about building a trust within the community that their homes are more than structures; they're dreams being realized. This approach not only lessens your carbon footprint but also cuts down your utility bills, making it a win-win situation. Our exterior renovation services, including landscaping, decking, and exterior painting, not only boost curb appeal but also add to your home's value.

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Explore Interior Renovation Surrey here

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  • Surrey custom home upgrades
  • Home gym remodeling
  • Toilet installation
  • Door installation
  • Exterior painting
  • Residential remodeling
  • Lighting upgrades
  • Fireplace remodeling
  • Basement finishing
  • Modern home renovation Surrey
  • Plumbing upgrades
  • Soundproofing renovation
  • Kitchen renovation
  • Closet renovations
  • Open concept renovation
Interior Renovation Surrey Renovation Specialists

A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

Description

[edit]

A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

Responsibilities

[edit]

A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

United States and Asia usage

[edit]

In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

Prime contractor

[edit]

Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

Licensing requirements

[edit]

Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

Licensing qualifications

[edit]

Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

General contractor example

[edit]

A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
  2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
  4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
  5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
  6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
  8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
  9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
  11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
  13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
  14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

Sources

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

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PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

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PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

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PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

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Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

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Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

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Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

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Frequently Asked Questions

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