House Remodeling Surrey

House Remodeling Surrey

Baseboard and trim renovation

This commitment is at the heart of their service. Hearing directly from satisfied customers, you'll discover how Canyon Property Projects has transformed their homes and exceeded expectations. If you're looking to expand your living space, we also handle extensions and loft conversions, providing that much-needed extra room with seamless integration into your existing home layout. Imagine tearing down unnecessary walls to create an open, airy environment, or perhaps adding an extension to give your family the extra room it desperately needs. Learn more about House Remodeling Surrey here First, consider a home equity loan or line of credit.
Let's transform your house into the dream home you've always wanted. Your dream home is within reach, and they're here to guide you every step of the way.

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  • Sustainable renovation materials
  • Drywall installation and repair
  • Bathroom tile renovation
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  • Mudroom design
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  • Whole house renovation
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Hearing directly from satisfied customers, you'll quickly realize why Canyon Property is the go-to choice for eco-conscious home renovations in House Remodeling Surrey.

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That's why we only use the finest materials and employ skilled artisans who are passionate about their craft. Basement suite construction
We don't stop at materials, though. It's this level of dedication that makes the renovation process as stress-free as possible for you. Learn more about Home Renovation Surrey here. What sets Canyon Property Projects apart is their commitment to quality and detail. From the initial consultation to the final walkthrough, you're kept in the loop.
We're not just about making spaces look new; we're about creating environments that reflect your specific lifestyle and preferences. They're committed to reducing the environmental footprint of their renovations, ensuring your home isn't just beautiful but also kind to the planet. Whether you're dreaming of a modern, open-concept kitchen where you can host dinner parties, a serene bathroom oasis for relaxation, or a functional and stylish home office, Canyon Property has got you covered.

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Whether it's a dream kitchen that caters to your culinary adventures, a bathroom that serves as a spa-like retreat, or a living room that perfectly balances style and comfort, custom renovations allow you to bring these visions to life.

Following this, Canyon's experts will schedule a site visit to assess your space and better understand your renovation goals. Building on their innovative use of technology, Canyon Property also excels in project management, ensuring your renovation is completed on time and within budget. Surrey renovation project planning They're not just changing homes; they're changing the way you live, one personalized space at a time. It's not just about the drastic changes; it's about how these renovations reflect the unique styles and needs of each homeowner.

You'll have the opportunity to review and adjust this blueprint until it's exactly what you're looking for. Whether you're updating your bathroom, kitchen, or installing a new heating system, they guide you through every step with transparency and professionalism. They're flexible, ready to adjust plans as new ideas come to light or challenges arise.

Once you're happy and give the green light, they'll kick off the project, keeping you informed and involved every step of the way. They're not just installing fixtures and tiles; they're crafting an experience. With us, you're not just renovating your property; you're crafting a space that tells your story, designed exclusively for you.

Budgets and timelines are treated with the utmost respect. You're not just another client; you're a partner in the creative process. It's no coincidence that when you're scouring House Remodeling Surrey for top-notch renovation services, your search almost invariably leads you to Canyon Property Projects.

Citations and other links

Bathroom Upgrade Services House Remodeling Surrey

It's this blend of skilled craftsmanship and personalized service that turns your house into the dream home you've always wanted. To guarantee your satisfaction, Canyon Property Projects Ltd. employs a thorough consultation process before any work begins. Then there's the case of a small, cramped kitchen in a semi-detached house that we transformed into a spacious, light-filled space with high-end finishes. With a keen eye for detail, their team ensures every tile, fixture, and feature aligns perfectly with your preferences and the latest trends. The project was completed on time and within budget, which was a huge relief.' This showcases Canyon Property Projects' commitment not just to aesthetics but also to punctuality and financial transparency.

In essence, choosing Canyon Property means you're opting for a seamless, stress-free renovation experience delivered by a team that values your satisfaction above all. They're not just about making your space look new; they're focused on making it work better for you. Home energy audit They'll discuss potential designs, materials, and the scope of work in detail, ensuring everything aligns with your expectations. They don't just change the aesthetics; they're redefining how personalized design solutions can significantly enhance your living experience. Structural renovation

With Canyon Property's project management excellence, you're not just renovating your home; you're enhancing your life.

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We'll keep you in the loop at every stage, from initial demolition to the final touches. You've likely noticed the buzz surrounding their innovative approach, which seamlessly blends unique design philosophies with unparalleled craftsmanship. Plus, their attention to detail is second to none.

Not only do they handle the big picture projects, but they also take care of the finer details. Once the project is complete, they conduct a detailed walkthrough with you to ensure every detail is to your liking.

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This is where your feedback comes into play. We can replace windows, doors, and insulation to enhance your home's energy performance, saving you money in the long run and contributing to a healthier planet.

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Home Extension House Remodeling Surrey

Home Extension House Remodeling Surrey

With a keen eye for detail, they'll ensure every aspect of your kitchen, from the cabinets to the backsplash, is tailored to your taste and needs. Properly insulating your home means your heating and cooling systems don't have to work as hard, saving energy and money in the long run. That's exactly what you get with Canyon Property Projects. That's why we offer transparent pricing and realistic timelines from the outset.

Their comprehensive range of services, from initial design to the final touches, ensures that your vision for a dream home doesn't turn into a prolonged nightmare. With each renovation, you're not just improving your living space; you're also enhancing your quality of life, making your home not just a place to live, but a place to thrive. Weather, supply chain issues, or discovering unforeseen problems once the walls are opened up can set back your timeline. Home layout redesign

From water-efficient toilets to luxurious rainfall showerheads, they'll help you select the best products that blend form with function. Building on our commitment to quality and tailored solutions, we've expanded our service offerings to meet even more of your home renovation needs. Home theater installation Building on their plumbing expertise, Canyon Property Projects also excels in transforming bathrooms into modern sanctuaries.

It's not just about aesthetics; it's about creating environments that enhance your daily life. It's not just about slapping on a new coat of paint; it's a comprehensive overhaul that breathes new life into every corner of your home. This isn't about imposing trends or one-size-fits-all solutions.



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You'll see a stunning array of homes that have gone from outdated or unremarkable to absolutely breathtaking. Don't settle for a home that's only partly what you want. Your commitment to using high-quality materials, sticking to timelines, and maintaining open lines of communication has been key. It's that easy to start transforming your home with Canyon Property Projects.

Feedback consistently points to the professionalism and expertise of the Canyon Property team. 'Their attention to detail and sustainability has made our home not just more beautiful, but also more energy-efficient,' says a satisfied homeowner. After exploring Canyon Property Projects Ltd's commitment to sustainability, let's hear from the homeowners who've experienced their service firsthand. That's what they're bringing to homes across House Remodeling Surrey.

You're encouraged to share your thoughts, adjustments, and preferences, making the process truly collaborative. Don't overlook this; it can prevent stressful financial surprises down the line. Building on our commitment to unmatched service quality, Canyon Property Projects offers a wide array of renovation services to meet diverse needs and preferences.

Their team of skilled professionals uses high-quality materials and pays meticulous attention to detail, guaranteeing that the finished product not only meets but exceeds your expectations. Deck and patio remodeling Once you give the green light, your dream project moves from concept to reality, with Canyon guiding you at every step. Whether it's the intricate tile work that makes a bathroom feel like a spa retreat or the seamless flow they create in kitchen spaces, Canyon Property Projects stands out as a beacon of quality and innovation in House Remodeling Surrey's competitive market.

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We prioritize understanding your vision, ensuring the final outcome reflects your desires and lifestyle. You're not just updating your space; you're making a conscious decision to reduce your carbon footprint. Additionally, we're now offering bespoke outdoor living solutions, from custom decks to beautifully landscaped gardens, ensuring your home's exterior is as welcoming and comfortable as its interior. One client, Sarah, shared, 'We're thrilled with our new kitchen. Imagine integrating smart home technology that simplifies your daily routine or using eco-friendly materials that reduce your carbon footprint without compromising on aesthetics.
Moreover, Canyon Property Projects doesn't stop at materials. You've got a vision for your home, and Canyon Property Projects Ltd. is here to bring it to life. It's about adapting to changes, managing resources wisely, and ensuring quality control throughout every phase. Our commitment to excellence extends beyond the aesthetics, focusing on functionality and durability.
We listen carefully to your ideas and concerns, ensuring that communication remains open and consistent throughout the project. It'll be a true reflection of you, making it a place where you'll love to live for years to come. You're never in the dark about the status of your project. Read more about House Remodeling Surrey here Embarking on a home renovation journey with Canyon Property Projects starts with a simple, yet comprehensive consultation to understand your vision and needs.
Choosing us means you're not just getting a contractor; you're partnering with professionals who genuinely care about bringing your dream home to life. Their commitment to sustainable practices means you're not just investing in your home, but also in the future. Baseboard and trim renovation Residents have come to know that when they see the Canyon Property Projects sign, they're in for a service that's both professional and personalized. You're not just another project to us; you're a partner in creating the home of your dreams.

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Our skilled workers bring the design to life, using eco-friendly materials and methods throughout. You'll work closely with professionals who understand how to translate your ideas into reality while also advising on the best materials and innovative solutions to meet your goals. Your vision becomes our blueprint during our tailored design process, ensuring every detail reflects your personal style and needs. But what really sets Canyon Property apart is their commitment to quality and detail.
We're looking for anything that might affect the renovation, from structural issues to potential enhancements. Energy-efficient renovations You're not just another job to them; you're a partner in the process, and your happiness with the end result is paramount. Canyon stands out for numerous reasons.
That's why they're committed to installing high-quality, durable materials that stand the test of time. We restored its original features while integrating smart home technology, making it the perfect blend of old charm and modern convenience. Their clear communication and professionalism made the entire process stress-free.'Daniel T. highlights, 'The attention to detail in our bathroom renovation was exceptional.
In addition, the designs will focus on maximizing space and enhancing natural light, making your home feel more open and connected to the outdoors. These aren't just any workers; they're specialists in their fields, ensuring that whether you're updating a kitchen, transforming a bathroom, or adding an extension to your home, you're covered by the best in the business. Building on our commitment to sustainability, our clients have shared their experiences with Canyon Property Projects, highlighting the impact of our eco-friendly renovations on their homes and lives.

Explore House Remodeling Surrey here

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A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

Description

[edit]

A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

Responsibilities

[edit]

A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

United States and Asia usage

[edit]

In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

Prime contractor

[edit]

Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

Licensing requirements

[edit]

Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

Licensing qualifications

[edit]

Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

General contractor example

[edit]

A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
  2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
  4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
  5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
  6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
  8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
  9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
  11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
  13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
  14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

Sources

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

[edit]

Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

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References

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  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
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Further reading

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